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NematodesIntroduction-kingdom Animalia-feed on microorganisms and microscopic plants and animals
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-obtain food with stylets-cause billions of dollars damage annuallyCharacteristics-small and invisible to the naked eye-smooth unsegmented bodiesAnatomy-transparent-lips (6) around mouth-hollow stylet-reproduction in plant parasitic nematodes is through eggs and may be sexual or parthogenic-many species lack malesLife Cycles-have four juvenile stagesEcology and Spread-soil temp., moisture, and aeration affect survival and movement of nematodes in the soil-most eggs hatch freely in water in the absence of any special stimulus- generaClassification-belong to phylum Nematoda- orders-ectoparasites feed only from the outside on the cells near the root surfaces-endoparasites enter the host and feed from within-migratory live freely in the soil-sedentary do not move aboutSymptoms Caused by Nematodes-appearance of symptoms on roots as well as on the aboveground parts of plants-root knots or root galls, root lesions, excessive root branching, injured root tips, and root rots-yellowing of foliage, excessive wilting in hot or dry weather, reduced yields, and poor quality of products-aboveground galls, necrotic lesions and rots, abnormal development can occurHow Nematodes Affect Plants-direct mechanical injury-secretion of saliva injected into plants-puncturing of cell wall, inject saliva into the cell, withdraw part of the cell contents-cause tissue disentegration and the death of cells-cause cell enlargement in some casesInterrelationships between nematodes and other plant pathogens-etiological complex resulting in a combined pathogenic potential that can be greater than the individual damages that can be done by just the pathogen or just the nematode-nematodes lower the natural resistance to the fungusControl of Nematodes-crop rotation-biological control with resistant varieties-physical agents, such as heat and flooding-control with chemicals like nematicidesRoot-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne)-favor warm or hot climates and short or mild winters-damage plants by devitalizing root tips and causing formation of swellings of the rootsSymptoms-aboveground symptoms are reduced growth and fewer, small, pale green, or yellowish leaves that tend to wilt in warm weather-underground infected roots swell and develop into root-knot gallsThe Pathogen-second-stage juvenile is the only infective stage of the nematode-the juvenile enters the root where it inserts its stylet and secretes saliva into the cells-the juvenile turns into a female and produces eggs with or without the male's help-when the eggs hatch, second-stage juveniles cause new infections in the same rootDevelopment of Disease-Giant cells are formed (-6)Control-control in greenhouses with steam sterilization of the soil or soil fumigation with nematicides-resistant varietiesCyst Nematodes Heterodera and Globodera-known as the "golden nematode"-severe in potato, tomato, and eggplant-diagnostic feature is the presence of cysts on the roots and usually the proliferation of roots and production of shallow, bushy root systems-enlarged cells are known as syncytiaLesion Nematodes Pratylenchus-attack the roots of all kinds of plants such as cereals and other field crops, vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamentals-form local lesions on young roots, which may then rot because of secondary fungi and bacteriaSymptoms-plants appear stunted and chlorotic as though they are suffering from mineral deficiencies or drought-yields are reduced drastically-can kill plant-infected roots at first show small, water-soaked lesions that soon turn brown to almost blackThe Pathogen Pratylenchus-nematodes overwinter in infected roots or in soil except for egg-producing females, which cannot survive in the winterControl- row treatment of the soil with nematicides before the crop is planted Please note that this sample paper on Nematodes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Nematodes, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Nematodes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.
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