What is culture? What effect does culture has on the conduct of business? Explain, and give examples.

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Introduction"Culture is anything but nature." (Trompenaars and Turner, 17, 4)Culture influences all of people activities but naturally. Culture is varying between every country. Because of the variation, sometimes people can face problems. For example, the ways people give their name cards are different in every country. In Australia, people can give their name card by using one hand, but in Japan, name cards have to be given by using both of hands and after that read the name cards before put into pocket or bag. The purpose of this report is to describe what culture is and analyse how culture affects the conduct of businesses.

Definition of CultureEveryday people are dealing with culture; everything is related to culture, from the way people thinking to the food that people eat everyday. Simple thing like food can be symbol of culture. For example is spaghetti. When people want to eat spaghetti, they will automatically go to Italian restaurant because people know that spaghetti is from Italy.According to Trompenaars and Turner (17 1), there are three layers of culture, the outer layer, the middle layer and the core layer. The outer layer of culture is everything around people that can be symbol of different cultures, such as languages, food, buildings, agriculture, and fashions. From language that somebody speaks, people can easily recognise that the person is foreigner because of the different language that person speak and also the accent that different from the native speakers. Food from every country has their typical different taste. Buildings, such as houses, and monuments also have different characteristics for each country. Besides, every country has their way for agriculture because of different type of soil and climate in the country. Seasons in every country influence people clothing. People in four season's countries have four types of clothes, for spring, summer, winter and autumn. In other hand, people in tropical countries only have one type of cloth because there are only rainy and sunny day.The second layer of culture is the middle layer. This layer is related to the inner of people, how people think they should behave. The middle layer has a tight relation with norms and values. Norms are the social rules and guidelines that tell people about appropriate behaviour in particular situation and values are what people believe to be good or bad. In short, Norms give people a feeling of "this is how I normally should behave" and values give people a feeling of "this is how I aspire or desire to behave." (Trompenaars and Turner, 17, )The last layer of culture is the core layer. This layer can be called culture's root because this layer actually is the background of people. The core layer takes the most influence of culture forming. Culture can be changed because people realise that certain ways of doing things do not work properly any more. It also can be changed because of strong influence from people's environment that changes the outer and middle layer, so that the core layer also changes. Culture is easily changed when people are aware that the survival is needed. "The most basic value people strive for is survival" (Trompenaars and Turner, 17, ) To summarise the three layers, culture can be defined as a system of values and norms and everything around that are shared among a group of people that influence people behaviours. Culture and BusinessCulture and business cannot be separated. Culture takes an important part in the conduct of business. Before people conduct business in other countries, it is better if they have already known about cultures of the country that they are going to deal with. Some countries do business based on individualist culture, but some other countries do business based on communitarian culture. Religions also take part in the conduct of business. Communitarians vs. IndividualistsCommunitarians and individualists have opposite way in doing business. Communitarians tend to do business for group goals and objectives. Not like communitarians, individualists tend to do business for self-satisfaction and self esteem. (Trompenaars and Turner, 17, 67)In individualist culture, people want that the decisions are quickly decided but in communitarian culture, decisions need time to consent and consult. (Trompenaars and Turner, 17, 67) This case is happened between westerners and Chinese. For westerners, time is money, so that they always want to make a quick deal. For Chinese, people must build relationships before start to talk about business. In communitarian culture, the whole group is the first and try not to show off. But oppositely, proud to be the first with high performance is important in individualist culture. (Trompenaars and Turner, 17, 67) Communitarian culture and individualist culture always use opposite way in business. That is why people need to have the ability to deal with both cultures to be success in business. People with individualist background have to adjust their self to deal with communitarian people and also communitarian need to do the same. ReligionReligion may be defined as a system that share beliefs and rituals that concerned with the realm of the sacred. There are five religions that dominant in the world, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Confucianism as cultural factors contributes the success of Asia countries. Confucianism was taught by Confucius who was born in China around 500 B.C. "His teachings are mainly concerned with practical ethics of daily life without any addition of religion elements" (Samovar and Porter, 16, 18) Confucianism is treated by many of its adherents as a religion.Confucius taught that human relationships will be good if base on the five basic relationships, which are between ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother and between friends. The ruler must be fair and the subject must loyal. Father must show love and son must obey and respect. Husband is the initiator and wife is the follower. The older brother and the younger brother take care of each other. Finally, friends must faith to each other. (Samovar and Porter, 16, 1)One example of the application of the five basic relationships is in Japan. The employees of Japanese company are loyal to the leaders of the organisation, and in return the leaders give them lifetime employment.Confucius also taught that "individuals must follow a proper way and a proper ritual in social interaction". (Samovar and Porter, 16, 0) The application of this theory is by using intermediaries. Many countries in East Asia, intermediaries are used to help people to launch a new relationship and also in solving problems. By using indirect interaction, people want to avoid an embarrassing confrontation. (Samovar and Porter, 16, 0)ConclusionInternational business is very complicated because countries differ in many ways. Vary cultures from country to country take important part within business because cultures in a country can influence people attitudes and the way people think. That is why people have to know about culture in a country before they launch their business there. ReferencesLustig, M. W. and Koester, J. 18, Intercultural Competence Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures, rd edn, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., United States. Samovar, L. A. and Porter, R. E. 16, Intercultural Communication A Reader, 8th edn, Wadsworth Publishing Company, United States. Trompenaars, F. and Turner, C. H. 17, Riding The Waves Of Culture Understanding Cultural Diversity In Business, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London. Please note that this sample paper on What is culture? What effect does culture has on the conduct of business? Explain, and give examples. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What is culture? What effect does culture has on the conduct of business? Explain, and give examples., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on What is culture? 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Essence of communication

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The Essence of CommunicationStructuring a rapport with students requires the teacher to conduct thorough self-evaluation of their individual roles in the educational process. Fundamentally, teachers need to establish a core set of characteristics that anchor their professional life and spill over into their personal life, as designed in the meta-model (Busnarda, T. EDUC F01 Lecture Notes. September , 00). Communication is composed of two central categories, verbal and non-verbal communication. Listening, understanding, and consistency are major components of the verbal aspect of communication. Additionally, eye contact, gestures, proximity, and paralinguistic; the set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning, are all essential components of the non-verbal aspects of communication. A unique combination of skills, values and habits that make up these forms of communication may become second nature to a teacher. Communication is both an art form and a process. Within its art form, communication requires sensitivity; one must be sensitive to the different approaches in learning and the further need to be acutely aware of the subtle signals one can send. Essentially, communication intertwines verbal and non-verbal components exhibited within classroom interaction; it is the basis of transmitting information from one person to another. Verbal communication deals directly with the process of interacting with individuals on a face-to-face basis (Fried, R. 15). This process is sensitive and requires careful observations. For instance, listening can be tuned in and out, and, there is a tendency to drift from one to the other, subconsciously (Allport, A., MacKay, D., Prinz, W., & Scheerer., E 187). However finding this balance is key, because listening is essential for teachers, teachers need to learn to be good listeners otherwise they wont be able to relate to their students (Adler, R. and Towne, N., 178). The listener of the communicative event plays a vital role in understanding and interpreting the information that has been transmitted (Fried, R. 15). Listening is a complex process requiring equal commitment from both parties (Fried, R. 15). They each exchange feedback necessary in recognizing their mutual contributions. Without feedback it is assumed that the communicative process is incomplete, (Fried, R. 15). Listening requires self-discipline; a lack of this is reflected in the many conversations (Freid, R. 15). Without self-discipline conversations can travel incognito with one another, rather than just enjoying the conversation. Ultimately, it is important to recognize that without listening one cannot fully understand what is being communicated, thus hindering the communication process.

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Listening is the pre-requisite of understanding (Allport, A., MacKay, D., Prinz, W., & Scheerer., E 187). Understanding is important in the communication process because it deals with clarification (Fried, R. 15). By asking probing questions and repeating what has already been said, the listener actively takes part in the conversation, while simultaneously comprehending the message of the dialogue (Allport, A., MacKay, D., Prinz, W., & Scheerer., E 187). The role of understanding is also valuable because once there is a clear understanding of the meaning of the message exchanged from sender to receiver, the likelihood of formulating an informed response increases substantially (Fried, R. 15). Consistency is necessary for teachers in the instances of applying fair and routine judgments or discipline within the classroom. Being consistent also involves exercising good judgment (Fried, R. 15). The establishment of rules in conjunction with the students is an important first step. Moreover, to achieve this cooperation, listening, and understanding must be present. However, it is essentially the responsibility of the teacher to administer the rules consistently by understanding their intent. This can be done by posting the rules within the classroom for everyone to see at all times or ensuring the students mentally remember them. In addition, consistency gives the teacher credibility to administer justice fairly and maintain structure and order in the class (Fried, R. 15).Non-verbal communication contributes to a teacher's awareness of their own behaviour and the behaviour of their students, contributing to them being improved receivers of their student's message (Danziger, K., 188). It also reinforces the signals that the teacher sends to their students while increasing the degree of communication between the teacher and their students (Danzinger, K., 188). Eye contact is an important channel of interpersonal communication and helps regulate the flow of one's communication (Miller, P., 1; Danziger, K., 188). Eye contact sends a signal to the students, and increases the teacher's credibility, this opens the classroom up and keeps the students attention focused on their teacher (Miller, P., 1). Teachers who make eye contact open the flow of communication and convey interest, concern and credibility within their learning environment (Miller, P., 1).Gestures are contrived movements that keep the students focused and alert on the topic that the teacher is lecturing. Gestures open up conversation and animate the material (Miller, P., 1). Teachers who fail to use gestures when lecturing often come across as boring and stiff (Miller, P., 1). However, capturing the student's attention with hand gestures and vocal tones animate the teaching, emphasizes the meanings of the teacher's message, and keeps the students focused on the information (Miller, P., 1). Therefore, learning and concentration is effectively constructed through the teacher's non-verbal behaviour (Miller, P., 1). Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance one should stand when interacting with students (Miller, P. 1). The teacher's proximity in relation to their students must be of a distance such that neither invades the unspoken territorial boundary (Miller, P., 1). Looking for non-verbal indications of discomfort would be a good judge of determine invasion. Rocking and tapping are common forms of subtle hints students can send their teacher, signaling that they are uncomfortable (Miller, P., 1; Danziger, K., 188). The distance standing between your conversations should be comfortable and balanced allowing for a relaxed atmosphere. Paralinguistic is a form of non-verbal communication that includes the vocal elements used when teaching a classroom (Danziger, K., 188). Tone, pitch, rhythm, loudness and inflection are the five major elements one can use when speaking (Queen, J. 15). In order to communicate best, it is most important to incorporate these elements. One of the major criticisms of teachers who speak in monotone is that they are perceived as being dull. Student's interest lies in the teacher's creditability and teachers who have learned how to modulate their voices are more often heard within their classroom (Queen, J. 15). Communication is essential in every aspect of one's life. It plays an integral role in every day activities and accomplishing minor to complex tasks. It is important to be able to relate the information you are thinking in a mannerism that the comprehensive to others. Effective communication in the classroom is essential in the learning process; it translates information in several different ways allowing the entire class to benefit from the teacher's diversity. As a result teachers who reiterate or emphases the important information, make that stand out in their students minds, thus helping students differentiate the important information and non-essential information. ReferencesAdler, R., & Towne, N., 178. Looking out/Looking in Interpersonal communication. Montreal, ON Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Allport, A., MacKay, D., Prinz, W., & Scheerer., E (187). Language Perception and Production. Journal of Cognitive Science. 14(). 4-450.Busnarda, T., EDUC F01 Lecture Notes. September , 00. Carpenter, S. (1). The Joy of Teaching. Toronto, ON OISEUT.Danziger, K., (188). Interpersonal Communication. Toronto, ON Pergamon Press Inc.Fried, R. (15). The Passionate Teacher. Rutherford, NJ Beacon pressMiller, P. (1). Verbal and Nonverbal Communication within the classroom. Munster, IN. Swat.Queen, J. (15). Teaching Tips How to talk so Students will Listen…And Listen so students will talk. Toronto, ON OISEUT. Please note that this sample paper on essence of communication is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on essence of communication, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on essence of communication will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Prohibiting Improper Influence on Auditors

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Prohibiting Improper Influence on Auditors. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Prohibiting Improper Influence on Auditors paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Prohibiting Improper Influence on Auditors, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Prohibiting Improper Influence on Auditors paper at affordable prices !IntroductionOn October 18, 00, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued proposed rule amendments to implement section 0 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 00. The amended rules makes it unlawful for any officer or director, or other person acting under the direction of that officer or director, to take any action to fraudulently influence, coerce, manipulate, or mislead any independent public or certified public accountant engaged in auditing or reviewing financial statements if that person knew, or was unreasonable in not knowing, that such action could, if successful, result in rendering such financial statements materially misleading.The rules supplement existing rules under Regulation 1B- of the Securities Exchange Act of 14 and are included in that Regulation. Previous rules address the falsification of books, records and accounts and false or misleading statements, or omissions to make certain statements to accountants. While rule 1b-(b)(1) essentially mirrors the language of the Act, rule 1b-(b)() provides examples of actions that improperly influence an auditor that could result in rendering the issuers financial statements materially misleading. Rule 1b-(c) relates to registered investment companies and business development companies. The rules are not limited to the audit of the annual financial statements, but include, among other things, improperly influencing an auditor during a review of interim financial statements or in connection with the issuance of consent to the use of an auditors report.

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Persons Whose Activities are Subject to the Proposed RulesActivities by an Officer or a Director.Rule (b)(1) would address activities by an officer or a director of an issuer, or any other person acting under the direction of such person. The term officer includes a chief executive officer and other executive officers. Moreover, a person may be an officer regardless of the persons title or the legal entity with which he or she is associated. For example, officers of wholly-owned subsidiaries of public companies and promoters may be officers of public companies. Activities by a Person Acting Under the Direction of an Officer or a Director. Rule (b)(1) not only covers activities of officers and directors, but also any other person acting under the direction of an officer or a director. It provides the Commission with other means of addressing actions of such other persons, which are in addition to previous liabilities for anti-fraud or aiding or abetting violations. The Commission provides specific examples of persons, other than employees of the issuer, who may be acting under the direction of an officer or a director even if they are not under that persons supervision or control, including customers, vendors or creditors. In certain circumstances, such other persons might include partners or employees of the accounting firm and attorneys, securities professionals and other advisers, who, by certain actions, pressure an auditor to limit the scope of the audit, to issue an unqualified report on the financial statements when such a report would be unwarranted, to not object to an inappropriate accounting treatment, or to not withdraw an issued opinion on the issuers financial statements.Activities by Investment Company Service Providers. As compared to other issuers, the Commission recognizes that registered investment companies and business development companies are unique in having contracts with service providers who perform management, administrative and other services necessary for operation, including preparation of financial statements. Given the uniqueness of their situation, proposed rule 1b-(c) would cover not only the officers and directors of the investment company, but would extend to include that companys investment adviser, sponsor, depositor, administrator, trustee, principal underwriter, custodian, transfer agent, or other service providers.Types of Conduct to Fraudulently InfluenceThe rule, in combination with existing rules in Regulation 1B-, provide the Commission with other means to address conduct to fraudulently influence, coerce, manipulate, or mislead an auditor during his or her examination, including conduct that did not succeed in affecting the audit or review.The Commission has identified in the Release, types of conduct that it believes might constitute improper influence on auditors. This list includes, but is not limited to, directly or indirectly•Offering or paying bribes or other financial incentives, including offering future employment or contracts for non-audit services•Providing an auditor with inaccurate or misleading legal analysis•Threatening to cancel or canceling existing non-audit or audit engagements if the auditor objects to the issuers accounting•Seeking to have a partner removed from the audit engagement because the partner objects to the issuers accounting•Blackmailing•Making physical threats. The facts and circumstances of each case, including the purpose of the conduct, would be relevant to determining whether the conduct violates the proposed rule.Engaged in the Performance of an AuditThe Commission believes that Congress intended that the phrase engaged in the performance of an audit, found in rule (b)(1), should be interpreted broadly to include the professional engagement period and any other time the auditor is called upon to make decisions regarding the issuers financial statements, including during negotiations for retention of the auditor and subsequent to the professional engagement period when the auditor is considering whether to issue a consent on the use of prior years audit reports. The rules, therefore, would apply throughout the professional engagement and after the professional engagement has ended when the auditor is considering whether to consent to the use of, reissue, or withdraw prior audit reports.In limited circumstances, the rules may also apply prior to the commencement of the professional engagement. By way of example, the rules would apply if an officer, a director, or a person acting under the direction of that officer or director, offers to engage an accounting firm on the condition that the firm either issue an unqualified audit report on financial statements that do not conform with GAAP, or limit the scope or performance of audit or review procedures in violation of generally accepted auditing standards.For the Purpose of Rendering Financial Statements Materially Misleading To be actionable, the conduct must be for the purpose of rendering [the issuers] financial statements materially misleading. The Commission notes that an auditor would not directly render the financial statements materially misleading, since it is management who prepares the financial statements and the auditor who conducts an audit or review of those statements.Rule (b)() provides specific examples of actions that improperly influence an auditor that could result in rendering the issuers financial statements materially misleading. The list, includes actions taken at any time with respect to the professional engagement period to fraudulently influence, coerce, manipulate, or mislead an auditor•To issue a report on an issuers financial statements that is not warranted in the circumstances (due to material violations of generally accepted accounting principles, generally accepted auditing standards, or other standards)•To not perform audit, review or other procedures required by generally accepted auditing standards or other professional standards•To not withdraw an issued report•To not communicate matters to an issuers audit committee The proposed rule would not be limited to the audit of the annual financial statements, but would include, among other things, improperly influencing an auditor during a review of interim financial statements or in connection with the issuance of consent to the use of an auditors report.ConclusionCorporate financial statements are a critical source of information available to guide the decisions of investors. The rules covered in Release 4-46685 and section 0(a) of the Act, are premised on the idea that investors must be able to rely on reports by auditors concerning the financial statements included in filings made with the Commission. These reports provide assurance that an issuers financial statements have been subjected to rigorous examination by impartial, outside experts, and that investors and the market can rely on the information as sound. The need for independence in the auditors examination, sought by the rules prohibiting activities which might improperly influence auditors, is another measure intended to restore public confidence in the fairness of the markets. Please note that this sample paper on Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Prohibiting Improper Influence on Auditors is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Prohibiting Improper Influence on Auditors, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Prohibiting Improper Influence on Auditors will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Marketing and promotion

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on marketing and promotion. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality marketing and promotion paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in marketing and promotion, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your marketing and promotion paper at affordable prices !MARKETING vs PROMOTION?sum Marketing _ Promotion!sum Remember the 4 Ps??sum Marketing

sum is a social and managerial process, which includes planning, research, implementation, control and evaluation - involves EVERYONE in the organisationsum 'Promotion' is only the tip of the marketing iceberg!sum Sales and Promotion = $$$$ (it is what we see!)sum 'Marketing' goes on 'behind closed doors'Unit Aimssum Build on your strategic tourism marketing knowledge from Semester 1sum How to practically carry out a marketing plan, with emphasis on sales and promotionsum designing services and productssum distribution channelssum pricingsum communications (promotions) mix toolssum advertisingsum public relations and the mediasum internetUnit Topicssum Unit is divided into 10 topicssum 1. Destination marketingsum . New Product Development for tourism and hotel businessessum . Pricing tourism and hospitality servicessum 4. Channels of distribution used by the tourism industrysum 5. The communications mixsum 6. Advertising, ethics of advertisingsum 7. Public relations, sales promotionsum 8. Electronic marketing and the Internetsum . Database and direct marketingsum 10. Managing and controlling the sales functionRequired Text andRecommended Reference Materialssum Kotler, P. Bowen, J. & Makens, J (00). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. rd editionsum Recommended reference materials listed in Unit Outlinesum Marketing related articles see list of academic journals and trade magazines in Unit OutlineAssessment!sum Assignment 1 (term paper - problem tasks)0%sum Assignment (group project to 4 students)40%sum PART A (Overview of Proposed Marketing Strategy = 15%)sum PART B (Communications Mix = 5%)sum Final exam40%sum (A) True/false questionssum (B) Multiple choice questionssum (C) Essay questionssum Lyndie will discuss more about assessment in your tutes THIS WEEKDestination MarketingLecture 1Week 1Tourism and Hospitality Sales and PromotionErica WilsonThis Week's Readingssum Kotler et al (00, rd edition), CHAPTER 18sum Book of Readingssum 1.1sum 1.sum 1.sum 1.4sum 1.5Today's Objectivessum Understand the importance of tourism to a destinationsum Be able to identify the different strategies that can be used to attract touristssum Identify the components that contribute to a tourist's image of a destinationsum Understand the marketing function of a national tourist office (NTO)sum Identify future challenges facing destination marketing organisations (DMOs)Why Focus on the Destination?sum Your previous unit focused on demand-side identifying target markets and building the marketing plan to reach those marketssum But what about the supply-side (i.e. the DESTINATION?). sum Tourism and hospitality facilities should recognise that they have a vested interested in the well-being of any destination of which they become a part.Why study Destinations?sum Because they aresum Where the tourist chooses to travels to sum Where the tourist's time and money are spentsum The environment in which facilities such as hotels, resorts, restaurants or convention centres are built and operatesum And because, most of the tourism organisation's marketing budget is spent promoting destinations!What is a 'Destination'?sum What do YOU think of when you hear the words 'tourist destination'?sum "Destinations are places with some form of actual or perceived boundary, such as the physical boundary of an island, political boundaries, or even market-created boundaries"sum Kotler et al (00, p. 718)Two Types of DestinationMill and Morrison (185) classify destinations assum Primarysum the primary touring destination sum where people are willing to travel a long distance to, eg Pyramids of Egypt, the Great Wall of China, Ulurusum Secondary sum stopover destination sum would not attract people from a long distance on its own sum Draw people on a transit route to a primary destinationsum Eg, regional areas and townsAnother Typology of 'Destination'sum Macrodestinationsum Eg. USA, Australia, contain thousands of regions, states, towns and citiessum Microdestinationsum The regions, states, towns, cities and visitor destinations within a town that make up the macrodestinationsum Kotler et al (00, pp. 718-71)What does a Destination need to attract Tourists?sum Attractions- natural, built, culturalsum Accessibility- transit routes,visas, intermediariessum Community Support will locals tolerate tourism devp't?sum Security- perception of risk and crisis mgtsum Support facilities- infrastructure, airport runways, telephone linessum Destination image marketing What people think and feel, not what they know! a powerful toolsum Cost/benefit advantages- time, money, travel to and from destination for touristThe Promotion of Destinations Whose Responsibility?sum Marketing a destination can happen at four levelssum National ATC (Australian Tourist Commission)sum ATC is a DMO - Destination Marketing Organisation (sometimes called an NTO, or National Tourist Office)sum State Tourism NSWsum Region Northern Rivers Regional Tourismsum Local Lismore TourismHow do countries compare in their destination marketing? Top Tourism Promotion Budgets in 16 (USD '000)1. Aust87 4. UK78 710. Spain78 6474. France7 85. Singapore5 556. Thailand51 187. Netherlands4 7008. Austria47 54. Ireland7 81110. Portugal7 71(Source WTO, 17)The Challenge in Promoting Destinationssum "Tourist destinations are products. They need to be positioned and promoted just as other products do"sum Kotler et al (00, p. 716)sum Can you see the problems inherent in this statement?Let's Take a Step Back Here…sum To understand destinations and how to market them effectively, we must first understand what motivates tourists to travel to a destination, AND how tourists are not all the same!sum "Not every tourist is interested in a particular destination. A destination would waste its money trying to attract everyone who travels. Instead of a shotgun approach, destinations must take a rifle approach and sharply define target markets" sum (Kotler et al, 00, p. 70)Plog's Tourist Typologysum Plog (174) proposes psychographic typologies and matches destinations to themAllocentricssum have a sense of discovery and are looking for new experiencessum are adventurous and like to explore alonesum seek out novelty and have high activity levelssum prefer areas that are not developed tourist destinationssum enjoy meeting and dealing with people from other culturesPsychocentricssum prefer travelling to well known destinationssum prefer taking a package toursum seek familiarity in regards to food, shops and attractionssum are comfortable being with other travellers like themselvessum seek passive activitiesMultiple Choice Question!sum Which of the following destinations is a psychographic Australian living in New South Wales MOST likely to visit?sum A.Coffs Harboursum B.Bali, Indonesiasum C.Botswana, Africasum D.Mount Everest, Nepalsum E.Arnhem Land, NTLet's Take a Vote!sum How many in this class aresum REAL ALLOCENTRICS?sum TRULY PSYCHOCENTRICS?sum SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN?sum WOULDN'T HAVE A CLUE???Williams & Zelinsky's Push and Pull Factors (1sum Push factorssum Desire to escape and get awaysum The need to experience something differentsum Ego-enhancementsum Peer pressure to take a holidaysum Pull factorssum Presence of attractions of interestsum Image of the destinationsum Availability of activities that cannot be done at homeCrompton's Psychological Determinants of Demand (17)sum Prestigesum Escapesum Sexual opportunitysum Educationsum Social interactionsum Family bondingsum Relaxationsum Self-discoverysum Can you think of examples of tourism products that are based on each of these categories?Cohen's Sociological Classification (17)sum Organised Mass Touristsum Individual Mass Touristsum Explorersum Driftersum Examples???So how does a tourist destination become a tourist destination?The Destination Life Cycle(Butler, 180)sum Six stages of destination life cyclesum Explorationsum Involvementsum Developmentsum Consolidationsum Stagnationsum Rejuvenation OR declinesum So what does this mean for destination marketers?Some Important Issues in Marketing a Destinationsum Forever growth?sum DMOs will need to change outdated distribution system to a mass market (See Reading 1.5)sum Only promote what you've got!sum Market segmentssum Responsibilities facing marketers (ethics, social and environmental responsibility)sum Long term market planning joint & relationship marketing sum 'Demarketing'Can you think of examples of destinations that are in need of demarketing? Please note that this sample paper on marketing and promotion is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on marketing and promotion, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on marketing and promotion will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Changing Perspective

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Changing PerspectiveThrough a number of texts we can see the concept of change and changing perspective clearly demonstrated. In "Looking for Alibrandi" changes can be seen as a good thing by the events that occur in the novel. In the short story "Sky High", change is demonstrated as a bad thing that occurs in life. The classic J.R.R. Tolkien novel "the Hobbit" conveys the message that change occurs over time and it also emphasizes that certain events that occurs in ones life can trigger change resulting in to a good thing in one life. Through these texts, the composers shape our understanding of change by demonstrating how it can be gradual, how it is natural and how change can be for the better. In Looking for Alibrandi, the author, Melina Marchetta demonstrates the concept of change not only through the chief protagonist, Josephine, but also some other more minor characters such as John Barton, though the majority is shown through Josephine. In the novel, Melina Marchetta uses language to show change that is occurring in one's life. Josie is free with no boundaries to restrict her which is why she experiences major change in her life. This can be seen by the different styles of language that she uses throughout the novel. For example, Josie uses colloquial language with her friends and can switch to formal language when needed e.g. the speech on Have a Say Day. This shows why Josie goes through a successful change while other characters like John Barton who only uses formal language throughout the novel and does not have the ability to express himself due to the constriction of the formal language, shows that he is unable to change and therefore leads to his tragic death.A major theme in Looking for Alibrandi is identity. Josephine has a change in perspective on her own identity. Initially, Josephine believes that her appearance and ethnic background is the determining factor in her social acceptance. She also believes that because she is at a wealthy school on a scholarship and has no father she is looked down upon. When Josephine is told by a teacher at her school, Sister Louise that she was actually voted school captain but was given the role of vice captain because they felt she lacked the leadership skills and that her and her friends are in fact trendsetters within the school and looked upon with envy, she has a sudden change in perspective on herself. She has always lacked self esteem and was very conscious of what others thought of her, but now has realised she is actually one of the most popular girls in school which is a great confidence boost for her. At that moment, Josephine says, "I knew deep down that I was wrong and I think that my emancipation began at that moment."

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Another issue dealing with the concept of change in Looking for Alibrandi is the changes in perspectives over three generations of the Alibrandi women. The novel features Josephine, Christina and Nonna, all of whom are part of different generations. Throughout the novel, Marchetta shows the perspectives of these three generations. Nonna's generation is shown to have a very conservative perspective. When she was young she was expected to stay at home while her arranged husband when off to work. The husband was seen as the boss and the wife was not allowed to divorce him. This generation shows that immigrants during that time believed that image of the family on the outside were more important to the truth. This can be seen by the fact that Nonna hid her secret for al those years. Christina's generation is shown as a little more open-minded but still a little conservative and that she was caught between the old world and the new, more rebellious world. When Christina has a child out of wedlock she was looked down upon and was not expected to attend university. Christina accepts the criticism that is thrown because she wants to keep the values of the old world but still wants a life of her own which clashes with her values. Josephine's perspective is a lot more open-minded. It is not uncommon for people to have a child out of wedlock. She does not consider marriage as being necessary and is able to, and plans to attend university. She has her own ambitions on her life (which is to be a barrister) and is not restricted between the two generations. Over these three generations, perspectives have been changed. Marchetta shows in many ways that change is a positive thing which allows more freedom to do the things people want to do.Marchetta's perspective is contrasted to Sky High written by Hannah Robert which shows how change can be a negative thing. We see two of her perspectives, one of which is as a child and the other as a grown woman. While reminiscing, Robert outlines her childhood perspective of her backyard and the world. As a child the author was innocent and free allowing her to conjure magical worlds while playing. The writer's backyard becomes her playground creating an adventure that only a child could have each time she enters it. She describes herself climbing onto the old clothesline as if it is a mission. One she has "conquered" the clothesline and is swinging from it she experiences a feeling of excitement. This is shown by the use of personification. The air is personified as being alive and "playfully tousle my hair". As an adult she reaches up to the same clothesline and sees her hands "beginning to accumulate the line-etched story of life in scars and wrinkles." Since being a child the author has faced many experiences forcing her to grow up. She is no longer the innocent child she once was and now has a much more pessimistic perspective of her life. This is juxtaposed to her childhood views and is shown by the negative connotations that are used, "metallic spotted arms" which is used to describe the washing line show that its no longer an magical object but just a piece of equipment tat is used to hang clothes. Although she has a small urge, described as "a small pilot light burning somewhere inside" to swing off the clothesline, as a rational adult she realises that this would be irresponsible and that the clothesline would no longer support her weight.In the novel "the Hobbit" by J. R. R. Tolkienalso shows that change occurs over time and that it might take may take many sacrifices to create a positive outcome. The novel portrays both similarities and differences between our world and the fantasy world, Middle Earth. One similarity that is shown is that change can occur in anyone. As the book begins to conclude, Thorin Oakenshield sees the goodness in Bilbo Baggins and apprehends the most significant parts of life. Since the beginning, Thorin's principle objective is to become the King under the Mountain and to have all the gold and treasure. While Thorin is on his deathbed he tells Bilbo, There is more in you of good than you know, child of the kindly West. Some courage and some wisdom blended in measure. If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world. Unlike the dwarfs, Bilbo cherishes friendship and merriment over gold and wealth. He shows this by placing his life in danger numerous times by escaping ferocious goblins and killing giant spiders to save Thorin and the other dwarfs. Bilbo cares more about others than himself, and Thorin notices how fortunate they are to have such a wise individual as a friend.Thorin changes drastically by the end of the book. Now, Thorin's quest is now fulfilled since he returned the mountain to the dwarfs reign. For many years, a dragon, Smaug, took over the mountain until when Thorin and his company claim the mountain again. Another part of his quest was to have the Heart of the Mountain, the Arkenstone. He accomplished that when it was laid upon his breast by Bard, a friend, and Bard exclaimed, There it lay till the Mountain falls! His death was necessary for the theme of the book to teach that kindness is superior of treasure. Finally, Thorin realizes this valuable lesson, but it is too late. Thorin did not realize that friendship and merriment is more meaningful than riches. Many creatures lost their life from the choices that Thorin made and the selfishness he had. In The Hobbit, Thorin's perspective on life changes when he sees the goodness and kindheartedness in Bilbo. Bilbo would risk his life for any friend, but during the adventure all Thorin wants is the treasure. As Thorin is on his deathbed, he notices how selfish he has been and wishes he could have transformed it. Although the novel carries a different message, it still shows that change for good can occur in anyone. Therefore change occurs as time goes by within everybody's lives due to different circumstances that occur in one's life and only when were unable to change, we cease to live. Please note that this sample paper on Changing Perspective is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Changing Perspective, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Changing Perspective will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The political agenda behind the atomic bomb

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Many began their normal routine, as a flash brighter than a thousand suns illuminated the sky. At eight fifteen on August 6th, an American bird flew thousands of feet above the land, planting an egg which would affect the world's history forever. The wind changed directions several times, as the intensity of the explosion increased; leaving everything that lay in its way, crushed and burned by the deadly radiation which lingered through the stagnant air. Heat rays reached thousands of degrees, as the land was transformed to a pile of rubble in a matter of minutes. America repeated their methods of mass destruction three days later, plowing through yet another city. Not until years later did the scope of these events come to light. Months before America executed their attack on Japan there was a meeting between the Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, and President Truman. Their discussions on April 5th, 145 dealt more with the long-range political meaning, rather than the actual military use of the bomb. This was the first time President Truman had been told of the atomic bomb, for it had been kept a secret up until this point. Stimson reported to the President that within four months they would in all probability have completed the worst weapon ever known in human history, a bomb which would destroy a whole city within minutes. He proceeded to explain how they shared the development with the United Kingdom, but controlled the resources at that time, and no other nation would be able to reach their position for several years. Nevertheless it would be impossible to hold that position forever, for many scientists in various countries knew pieces of the discovery and process needed to create the bomb, but they did not retain enough of the full process to actually recreate it. However with time, Stimson was sure that a much easier and cheaper method of production would be discovered, and as a result the future would allow nations to construct such a weapon secretively, and attack suddenly, allowing weaker nations to conquered much stronger ones in a short amount of time."'The world in its present state of moral advancement compared with its technical development would be eventually at the mercy of such a weapon. In other words, modern civilization might be completely destroyed.'" (Ayers)With that said, he continued to explain how a weapon of this magnitude would change the climate of the world's politics. It would take great lengths to control it, keep it under wraps, and assure it did not fall into the wrong hands. This placed America with a moral responsibility as to whether such information should be shared with other nations, and if so what terms should follow. Stimson pointed out that with proper use, America would have the opportunity create a pattern of world peace. Stimson later wrote in his book, that up until that point he had never heard the President or any other government official suggest the development of an atomic weapon.

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Before the proposal of the atomic bomb America had other methods of attack planned out, which would have eventually led to the end of the war. These plans were put on the back burner, when the bomb was mentioned, but were never completely abandoned. The atomic bomb was presented as a 'peace maker,' however it's apparent that America had ulterior motives. They had several underlying reasons for wanting to drop the bomb. In July of 145 Japan had gone as far as to make peace proposals to the Soviet government, in hopes that Russia would help to negotiate peace. Russia failed to mention Japan's proposals during the Potsdam conference with the United States and Britain. Nonetheless, these proposals were not taken seriously. Mainly because there were no signs of Japan giving in to the request for an unconditional surrender, and had they decided to continue fighting they still had a strong military force. Japan's reasons for not surrendering were based on the fact they did not want to lose their empire. Their military was still viewed as a threat, even though they were asking for peace, and the United States' army remained larger. The United States' decision to use the bomb was based mainly on the mental state of Japan; they did not feel they would surrender unless enormous amounts of severe damage were to be inflicted upon them. In the beginning America was planning on doing this through 'conventional' forms of sea and air attacks. When the idea of the bomb was brought up, they realized they would be able to do this quickly, putting Japan into shock, and therefore causing their surrender. "…The atomic bomb was more than a weapon of terrible destruction; it was a psychological weapon. In March 145 our Air Force had launched its first great incendiary raid on the Tokyo area. In this raid more damage was done and more casualties were inflicted than was the case at Hiroshima…'it was not one atomic bomb, or two, which brought surrender; it was the experience of what an atomic bomb will actually do to a community, plus the threat of many more, that was effective.'…" (Powell, 151)The United States' attack on Tokyo proved to be more detrimental than the bombing of Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. Had they truly been looking to destroy Japan, America would have stuck with their original forms of attack, but it is apparent they were looking for more. Japan was aware they were losing the war, but still unwilling to give up their emperor, and therefore would not agree to an unconditional surrender. They would have likely surrendered as soon as June of 145 had they been assured their empire would remain intact. The United States had contemplated this in order to avoid prolonging the war, but changed their mind quickly after reevaluating the Soviet ambitions in Eastern Europe and Northeast Asia. "President Harry S. Truman seemed inclined to give assurances on the emperor, then pulled back. He did so out of concern with Soviet behavior and with increasingly firm knowledge that the United States would soon have atomic weapons available. Coming to believe that the bomb would be decisive and anxious to keep the Soviet Union out of Manchuria, he dropped modification of unconditional surrender; moreover, he sought to prevent a Soviet declaration of war against Japan by encouraging China not to yield to Soviet demands beyond those granted at Yalta." (Hamby)Truman prevented a Japanese surrender before the bomb could be demonstrated to the world, and especially to the Soviet Union. America wanted to remain a super-power and create peace through fear; most importantly allowing peace within their nation rather than the world. After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki both Japan and America agreed to a conditional surrender, allowing the emperor to remain in power; proving that Japan would have more than likely surrendered without the use of the atomic bomb. With full knowledge that Russia was planning to enter the war against Japan, America dropped the bomb, denying them of this opportunity. America wanted to be seen as a strongest nation in the world, and would go to any means to prove it. Their reason for building the bomb initially was to beat Germany in the process. Their reason for using the bomb was to end the war, proving them to be the heroes, and no one else. America attack two days before the start of the Soviet offense. Had America not dropped the bomb they would have seen Soviet armies engage a major portion of Japanese land forces in battle, overrun Manchuria, and take many prisoners. "…[The view that it was purely coincidental that the first bomb was dropped two days before the Soviet offensive was due to start]…explains Mr. Stimson's statement, 'It was vital that a sufficient effort be quickly obtained with the few we had,' as referring to the universal and praiseworthy desire to finish the war as soon as possible…The difficulty about this view is that it makes the timing of the dropping a supreme diplomatic blunder." (Powell, 160)It was assumed that the dropping of the bombs two days before the Soviets planned attack would have great significance, and it did. The timing of America's attack was completely intentional; crediting them with the end of the war.Whether or not the atomic bomb was actually needed in order for America to win the war is still under debate, but it is an undeniable fact that America gained power from these events. Their overall plan was to remain a super-power and show the world where they stood, and in that case they succeeded. Whether the atomic bomb helped to create world peace is left up to each individual to decide. America managed to shock the world with their new invention, beating all competition in the race, and winning the war. BibliographyAyers. June , 00. http//www.nuclearfiles.org/docs/145/4504-report-ayers.htmlHamby, Alonzo. "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb." June , 00. http//www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/hamby.htm.Hiroshima 145. Editorial. Commonwealth August 18, 15 v 1n14 p4(). FicheColl 80F007.McCollum, Sean. Destroyer of worlds. Scholastic Update, March 1, 17 v1 n1 p18().Powell, Daniel. Ideas in Conflict. Illinois Scott, Foresman and Company, 167. Please note that this sample paper on the political agenda behind the atomic bomb is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the political agenda behind the atomic bomb, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on the political agenda behind the atomic bomb will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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AN UNEXAMIND LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING

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Of the philosophers I have studied, Socrates stands out to me from all the rest. Although I would be the first to confess that I have never put forth the time nor the effort necessary to consider myself a philosopher (at least not in the sense that I imagine most would consider to be the credentials of a philosopher), my philosophy about life is most closely aligned with what I understand Socrates philosophical beliefs to be. Although there are some distinct differences in what I believe to be the ultimate meaning behind life, which I will later address, I believe his thoughts on how one should live their life to be the wisest of any philosopher we have studied. First, let me relate what I understand Socrates philosophy to be. Socrates believed that we all have a soul. He believed that we are to live our life by principles, and that these principles should be what is considered to be good. He was convinced that there were moral absolutes, a right and a wrong, his reason being that if there weren't everything would just be relative. This seems most logical. Also, according to Socrates, in order to find which standards we should live by we should test these standards in real life situation to see if they are right or wrong. From what I understand, we are to live our lives according to rights and wrongs - in our dealings with others, and our private life as well. And, this is all in order to be living according to the dictates of the soul, if you will, and not by the desires of the flesh. One of the most interesting ideas Socrates had, I believe, were his thoughts regarding the "true philosopher." He said that the true philosopher is often misunderstood by other men, that they do not understand that his whole life is the pursuit of death. And, that when death finally comes he does not meet it with dread, but with the acceptance of understanding that the soul is finally to be unencumbered of the body and all its evils. The soul will finally meet truth away from the constraints of an imperfect body. He believed that the soul is immortal and imperishable. He believed that "good souls" departed to an invisible world where happiness is secured and they are free of human folly and error, and of all the problems that normally plague us. Evil souls, on the other hand will wander about in misery paying their penalty until they are reincarnated to a form fitting of their former evil ways in life. And, although I do not believe this view, I appreciate it for the thought and logic behind it. I am intrigued with the way Socrates can look beyond the physical, and make reality of the spiritual aspect while holding no allegiance to any certain god or gods. I can agree with his philosophy regarding living our lives in an effort to be good, and cherishing the soul above the body, and placing all emphasis on the soul and not on the body. Although we cannot scientifically prove that the soul is imperishable - or beyond that, if we even have a soul, but we do know that the body is only temporary, so it seems logical to place importance on something beyond the physical. I think Socrates reasoning behind the evidence of our souls, is brilliant even if incorrect - which I am in no means implying. His idea of anamnesis/recollect intrigues me. Where would we have any idea of perfection, if not from our souls? Certainly anything from the body or physical has yet to show us any form of perfection. For the sake of relating to the reader why I think Socrates philosophy could contribute much to human well being, let me take a moment to relay my thoughts or "philosophy" on life. I agree with Socrates on the stand he makes that nothing good or perfect can ever come from the physical. Pleasing the desires of the flesh always results in only temporary happiness, and even then it is questionable if it is a real happiness, or just a temporary source of satisfaction. Socrates said that the soul is where we can know perfection, and that the important things of this life lie in living for the development or realization of the soul, and that through proper development of the mind in its pursuit of truth, beauty and goodness that the goal and purpose of human life can be achieved. I personally believe that yes, we all possess a soul, and that yes it is good to live for the eternal and not the present. However, I believe that personally we can have not have a good soul, on our own. Human nature alone, I believe would support this. We are not essentially good creatures as can be supported by the fact that if we were, we would not be plagued with hate, dissension, and strife in our world. I would go on to say then that we must find apart from ourselves a righteousness that can heal our souls, and bring them into the light, because we are imperfect and incomplete of our own to ever fully realize truth, beauty, and goodness. I realize that philosophy deals with reason, and that perhaps authority should not be used, but I hold to the truths found in 1 Peter 4 which reads "He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, so that we might die to sins and live for righteousness; by his wounds you have been healed." So you see, in and of ourselves we are sinful creatures - soul included, but in "He," meaning Jesus Christ, we have been made complete. Socrates view of how life should be lived, except for my reliance on a personal savior for salvation, lies very closely beside my beliefs in the area of what should be made of importance in our lives. Matthew 65 reads "Therefore, I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or drink; or about your body, what you will wear. Is not life more important than food, and the body more important than clothes?" This is the philosophy of Socrates, that why worry with these things? What will they matter when you die? Is it not more important to focus instead on lasting things and things that will have an eternal reward, and bring true happiness in this lifetime. I believe Socrates would probably agree with Jesus Christ, although probably in different terms, when he said in Matthew 61-1 "Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves in treasures in heaven, where moth and rust do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also." So you see, it is because Socrates philosophy lie so very close to the beliefs of my faith, that I believe his philosophy could be a balm to the worlds problems. Too many of us, myself not excluded, put so much importance on things that don't account for much at all. What a person wears, what a person drives, or how a person looks is placed far above things such as honesty, integrity, love, and other virtues. We are society I believe to have been so blessed and made so rich that we have forgotten the joy that can be found in hard work, loving someone, and the simple pleasures in life. I wonder sometimes if many people could be happy if they were alone. The physical wouldn't matter much then, at least beyond what is needed for a comfortable existence. All they would be left with is self, and whatever they have in their soul to be happy or sad about. If society were to try to readjust itself to Socrates way of life, it would be such a huge reform. But it would be, I think, a very comfortable reform; it would be like hearing an old favorite song, or like remembering something we know we should have never forgotten. Such a reform wouldn't be just like a decision to suddenly "live in the clouds," we would just learn and finally realize what we have been missing. I don't ever expect to see such a change in society, because it is such a personal thing, it is an entirely different way of seeing things, and would warrant entirely different behavior. It isn't something that a government could mandate, it isn't something that can be done so to speak, its more of a lifestyle change; it can't be faked. I believe that Socrate's philosophy could be the solution to a lot of the worlds problems. Things such as racism, jealousy, and greed, and materialism all appear so trite when you look at it in regards to the soul, and humanity could learn to be at peace with itself. Socrates, stating that he was not greedy for life, was willing to die for what he believed to be the truth. Socrates said he spent his whole life getting ready for death, let us all hope we have found the truths that will leave us at peace when we are to die. Word Count 1566 Please note that this sample paper on AN UNEXAMIND LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on AN UNEXAMIND LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING, we are here to assist you. 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The Nights of Arabian Men and Women

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The Nights of Arabian Men and WomenIs it possible that the stories of the Arabian Nights could be a type of satire of the way men think and regard women? Each man makes rash decisions, and seems to think that they are in control and are then shocked when they realize that some things are not within their control. Each man in the story thinks that they are the victims of women's actions, but at the same time the women are the victims of the men's actions. Each woman in the stories is forced into the situations they are in because of men. The men however, do not realize that they are responsible for everything that happens to them. The younger of the two royal brothers, Shahzaman, is shocked and amazed when he discovers that his wife is cheating on him under his own roof. Not only is he shocked, but also he thinks that he is the only one that this has ever happened too, it is this type of self-centered and unrealistic thinking that makes me wonder if it is mocking the men of the story. Shahzaman pines away about the idea of him not having control over his wife, wondering how she could ever do such a thing to him, "Alas, that this great misfortune should have happened to one in my position!...None has seen what I have seen." (11). He honestly believes that he is the only one in the world that has had such a thing happen to him. When he tells his brother of what has happened to him his brother also agrees that a wife cheating has never happened before, "In my opinion, what happened to you has never happened to anyone else. By God, had I been in your place, I would have killed at least a hundred or even a thousand women. I would have been furious; I would have gone mad." (14). This attitude of punishing more women for the acts of one seems silly and rash, much like most of the things that the two brothers do throughout the Arabian Nights.

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When Shahzaman witnesses his brothers wife making a spectacle of herself in the palace gardens with one of the slaves he sees that he is not the only one with a cheating wife and becomes joyful again. This is our common lot. Even though my brother is king and master of the whole world, he cannot protect what is his, his wife and his concubines, and suffers misfortune in his very home. What happened to me is little by comparison. I used to think that I was the only one who has suffered, but from what I have seen, everyone suffers. By God, my misfortune is lighter than that of my brother…I am no longer alone in my misery; I am well. (pg. 1).This seems like an odd thing to be happy about and the fact that he doesn't want to tell his brother seems to be even stranger. It is my experience that brothers stick together and they would easily tell on a cheating spouse, not gloat over the fact that the wife was cheating. When the truth comes out that Shahrayar's wife is cheating on him he is equally shocked, believing that because this has happened to him that it will happen to all men, "No one is safe in this world. Such things are going on in my kingdom, and in my very own palace. " (16). Their amazement at their wives sleeping with other men shouldn't be so shocking to them, especially since both brothers probably have many other women that they sleep with. Both women I'm sure felt neglected by their husbands otherwise they wouldn't have felt the desire to get pleasure from other men. If the husbands were in fact involved with other women, than I don't think the wives cheating as well was such a bad thing. The husbands just had their pride hurt, and so the wives paid the price of their husbands injured pride with their lives.Both wives are killed for cheating on their husbands, but Shahrayar, who boasted about what he would do if he were in his brother's situation couldn't even kill his wife himself, he had his royal vizier kill her. The king also couldn't personally kill any of the girls that he married for a night and then had killed the next day; he left the dirty work for his vizier. He can certainly say a lot of things, but when it comes to actually doing them himself, he can't.After the brothers discover that their wives are cheating on them, they decide, in true guy-like fashion, to run away to pout about what their wives have done to them and then they both have sex with the woman in the box. I can't help but laugh, a guy usually does think that it's ok to get mad at the women for doing something and then that it is ok for the man to immediately turn around and do the same thing. They seem to accept from the woman in the box that there is no stopping a woman from getting what she wants, but they can't however accept that idea when it comes to their wives. I believe they are able accept it from the women in the box because the brothers are both getting something out of what the woman wants, they are both getting sex, something that most men never turn down. These silly actions by the men continuously cause things to happen to them that they don't like. The women, because they don't like what the men are doing have found ways to work around the men and get what they want without them. The women each have a form of power, and they each find ways of using it. Many, such as the women in the box, rely on the power of their bodies to achieve what they want and prove that they are just as capable of controlling a situation as the men are. The first woman introduced into the story is the wife of Shahzaman. She has power in the fact that she is the wife of a king, but she also seems to be able to fulfill her needs and desires without his knowledge of her acts. She does eventually get caught cheating on her husband and paying for her actions with her life, but she was able to control the situation up until she was caught. I doubt that the night she was caught was the first time she had cheated on her husband. I believe that she probably got caught because she stopped being as cautious about hiding what she was doing after she got away with it before. The wife of Shahrayar was pretty clever about getting what she wanted. She was able to cheat on her husband within the walls of their home without him noticing. She was able to get away with this because of the disguises on the slave men, but it also helped that her husband was arrogant and oblivious to the idea of a women seeking satisfaction from a man other than her husband. Her plan started out smart, but she herself was arrogant in a way to think that she could cheat on her husband in the garden and not get caught eventually. The woman in the box was kidnapped by the demon and not aloud to have any pleasure or any freedom. They girl realizes that she can have both by using her body. The girl did not start out being a devious vixen, but she was placed in a situation that left her with no other options. She girl is able to achieve her revenge on the demon by sleeping with 100 men while the demon sleeps beside her. She tells the brothers that the demon, "has guarded me and tried to keep me pure and chaste, not realizing that nothing can prevent or alter what is predestined and then when a women desires something, no one can stop her." (18).Shahrazad, the vizier's oldest daughter, placed herself in the situation of involving herself with Shahrayar, but she felt obligated to do something in order to help the poor young women that were forced to sleep with Shahrayar and were then put to death in the morning simply because he didn't trust women. Shahrazad's power over the king is that she is smarter. She does not use her body to gain power over him instead she uses her mind. She spins simple tales and ends them in the middle at sunrise, leaving the king wanting to know more. The king is so easily kept attentive to the stories that he is like a child, and as long as his attention is kept he can be distracted from his mistrust of women. Shahrazad asks to have her sister in the room as a way of prompting a story each night. The two girls are so obvious about what they are doing that it is laughable that a king who doesn't trust women lets them get away with it. Of course it is possible that he doesn't realize at all that the sisters are manipulating him into doing what they want; he hasn't displayed the most impressive observational skills before this point in time. The women manipulate and cheat, but the men also do the same things. The brothers believe that because they are kings they can do what they want and that women must obey them, but the women have found a way of proving the brothers wrong. Both sexes constantly fight for control of the situations, but in the end they all end up getting hurt. The exception to this outcome was between Shahrazad and King Shahrayar, although a lot of women were put to death before he learned to trust women again Shahrazad was eventually able to change the kings mind using gentle manipulation of the mind, rather than the body. Please note that this sample paper on The Nights of Arabian Men and Women is for your review only. 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WHAT EVIDENCE DO WE HAVE FOR THE CHANGING NATURE OF CONTACT BETWEEN BRITAIN AND THE CONTINENT IN THE FIRST MILLENIUM BC?

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WHAT EVIDENCE DO WE HAVE FOR THE CHANGING NATURE OF CONTACT BETWEEN BRITAIN AND THE CONTINENT IN THE FIRST MILLENIUM BC?By the first millennium BC, Britain had already established close contact with the continent. Communication systems had already developed as raw materials such as metals were brought from place to place. Evidence of this is seen where the technology and style incorporated in different objects show similarities in repeated decorative designs of their development throughout Britain and Continental Europe. The first millennium BC saw changes in the ways in which societies were developing. Ireland was also affected by the many changes sweeping across Europe at this time, and had important social and economic links between Britain and the continent.The invasion of Britain by the Celts had an impact in the daily lives of ordinary people, their religious beliefs and artistic expression. The use of iron led to improved tools. Society was more organised and specialised skills were becoming more evident. People were able to have a greater impact on their environment. Farming settlements were more commonplace, as the climate stabilised the land became much more arable making it easier to exploit. It was a time of great technological progress for Britain. Britain and Ireland were influenced by the technological, social and economic changes that were taking place around Europe at this time. Goods were not the only important things to exchange, the exchange of ideas, with the continent were equally important. Many goods were traded within Ireland itself. A good example of this is seen in axeheads. Axes, which had been cast from the same stone mould, have been discovered throughout the island as well as in Britain and the continent. Any materials that could not be found locally would be imported, such as tin to make bronze this most likely came from Cornwall.

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Irelands wetlands formed major obstacles to travel and transport Farming also had a great impact on the environment. Trees were felled and grazing animals did not allow regrowth, which in turn caused wetter soils and poorer drainage, this encouraged the growth of peat. These bogs have helped to preserve many artefacts, particularly wood and leather, which would not have survived in drier climatic conditions.By the Later Bronze Age Britain was experiencing similarities of shared knowledge and stylistic rituals with the continent. " Though sharing many of the technical and stylistic innovations, is distinguished by the Urnfield tradition of cremating burials; many of the objects buried with these cremations are precisely the types that turn up in watery deposits of north-western Europe" (Timothy Champion p.110)The invasion of Britain, by The Celts gradually infiltrated over the course of the centuries between about 800 and 100 BC. The Celts were a group of peoples loosely tied by a similar language, religion, and cultural expression they came from across the channel, places such as East and West Germany, Eastern France and Switzerland. Around 500 BC the South and Eastern parts of England were invaded, these tribes were from France and the Low Countries they brought with them the Hallstatt culture. This culture would be absorbed into the Iron art in Britain. " Southern British weaponry followed continental fashions, with daggers replacing the sword, while bow brooches began to be used for fastening clothes instead of ring-headed pins" (Colin Haselgrove p.130) The third century BC saw another invasion of Celts who brought with them the La Tene culture. They brought back the long swords and a new style of art as well as chariots. Invaders from Northern Spain and Brittany followed during the second century BC bringing Spanish influences to Britain. "Contact between Brittany and south-west England is shown by pottery with stamped and rouletted ornamentation." (Barry Cunliffe p.131) The Celts were not centrally governed and would fight each other as anyone else. They were warriors and took a lot of pride in their appearance in battle, the elaborately embellished weapons and paraphernalia they used, such as, Golden shields and breastplates shared pride of place with ornamented helmets and trumpets. Now that iron was being produced and used in Britain, it changed trade and encouraged local independence. Trade was essential during the Bronze Age, for not every area had the necessary ores to make bronze. Iron, on the other hand, was relatively cheap and available almost everywhere. " After perhaps two centuries of relative isolation, the communities of southern England again became closely involved with their neighbours across the English Channel from about 120 BC onwards" (Timothy Darvill p.162) Britain saw a huge growth in the number of hill forts throughout England at this time. These were often ditch and bank combinations surrounding defensible hilltops. Some are so small that they would only be able to inhabit an individual family. Although over time, many larger forts were built showing their high status. It is however not known if the hill forts were built by the native Britons to defend themselves from the Celts, or by the Celts as they moved their way into hostile territory. These forts usually contained no source of water, so their use as long-term settlements is uncertain, though they may have been used for withstanding a short-term siege's. Many of the hill forts were built on top of earlier causewayed camps. At Cadbury Castle there is a huge amount of pottery, including new forms of pottery showing a continental influence. Ornaments and jewellery, as well as the remains of looms and spinning equipment have been excavated this tells of a thriving wealthy community. Among the many finds at Cadbury are amber and glass beads and black shale armlets, bronze brooches, razors and coins. The first Iron Age defences at Cadbury were erected sometime in the 5th century BC to protect a large community. The people lived in closely gathered timber houses and stored their food in pits cut into the hill's bedrock. Cadbury is the only hillfort with a separate quarter for metalworking, several bronze-working tools were found at this site. A small bank and single rampart protected the town at Cadbury until about 200BC. It was at this time that the four stone and timber ramparts surrounding the hillfort were first constructed. " Good examples of developed hillforts also include Croft Ambrey (Herefordshire), Danebury (Hampshire) and Maiden Castle (Dorset) " (Colin Haselgrove p. 120)The Celts were farmers and they also brought the iron plough to Britain. Earlier ploughs had basically been a stick with a pointed end harnessed behind two oxen. They were suitable only for ploughing the light upland soils. The heavier iron ploughs established an agricultural revolution and made it possible for the first time to cultivate the rich valley and lowland soils. " In the Late Iron Age, bread wheat began to be grown regularly in regions including the south Midlands, north-east England and south-west Scotland, a development almost certainly linked to the colonisation of heavy claylands." (Collin Haselgrove p.116) The Celts used a team of eight oxen to pull the plough this resulted in the fields being long and narrow, as it would be too difficult to turn eight oxen. The Celts lived in huts of arched timber with walls of wicker and roofs of thatch. The huts were generally gathered in loose hamlets. The basic unit of Celtic life was the clan, Clans were bound together very loosely with other clans into tribes, each of which had its own social structure and customs in several places each tribe had its own coinage system, and possibly its own local gods and rituals. " Religious beliefs were influential in the laying out of sites: both roundhouse and enclosure entrances are often orientated directly towards either the equinox or the midwinter solstice" (Colin Haselgrove p122) During this period shrines and sanctuaries are found over much of the South of Britain. The evidence we have of the changing nature of contact between Britain and the Continent during this time shows the technological, social and economical progress that was made. The Celts as we know them today is through their elaborate art and the words of the Romans who fought them. The only problem with the reports of the Romans is that they are probably political propaganda, as the Romans would want to be seen as a great civilising powerful force, and the Celtic people as nothing more than barbarians. By the end of this era Britain was using a potters wheel and lathe, ploughing was ox drawn iron plough, ironwork was hand forged, the designs and craftsmanship on jewellery gold, bronze etc are of an unsurpassed quality. Please note that this sample paper on WHAT EVIDENCE DO WE HAVE FOR THE CHANGING NATURE OF CONTACT BETWEEN BRITAIN AND THE CONTINENT IN THE FIRST MILLENIUM BC? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. 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Market segmentation

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"Segmentation is fundamental to the marketing process."Discuss why segmentation is so important for effective marketing.Companies today recognise that they cannot appeal to all customers in the market place, or at least not to all buyers in the same way. The buyers are too numerous and diverse in their buying requirements. Through market segmentation, companies can break down large heterogeneous markets into smaller, homogenous segments that can be reached more efficiently and effectively with products and services to meet customers unique needs.Rather than trying to compete in an entire market, sometimes against superior competitors, a company must identify the areas of the market it can serve best and most profitably.

Market segmentation requires three major steps; firstly the market is divided into smaller groups of buyers with distinct needs who require separate products or marketing mixes. A company identifies different ways to segment the market and develops profiles of the resulting market segments. Secondly, each market segment's attractiveness is evaluated and one or more of the market segments are selected. This process is called target marketing. The third step is market positioning. This is where a products key benefits are established and communicated in the market,setting the competitive positioning for the product. Segmentation variables are the dimensions or characteristics of individuals, groups or businesses that are used for dividing a total market into segments. There is no single way to segment a market. Different segmentation variables have to be tried alone and in combination to find the best way to view the market structure. Information concerning basic customer characteristics can be obtained and measured easily, so the use of these variables is widespread. Demographic factors are the most popular bases for segmenting customer groups. Demographic segmentation divides a market into groups based on largely descriptive criteria such as age, gender, race, income, occupation, religion and nationality. Demographics are relatively easy to define and measure and the necessary information is often freely available from public sources. They offer a clear profile of the customer on criteria that can be worked into marketing strategies.The main use of demographic segmentation is as a foundation for other more customer-focused segmentation methods. Geographic segmentation defines customers according to their location. A company may decide to operate in one or few geographical areas, or to operate in all areas but pay attention to geographical differences in needs and wants. Many companies today localise their products, advertising and sales efforts to fit the needs of individual regions;for example, Starbucks offers more desserts and larger, more comfortable coffee shops in the south where customers tend to arrive later in the day and stay longer. Geographic segments are also easy to define and measure. Customer wants and needs change with age. Some companies use age and life cycle segmentation, offering different products or using different marketing approaches for different age and life cycle groups;for example, Mc Donalds targets different age groups from children and teens to adults and seniors with different adverts and media. Marketers must be careful to avoid stereotypes when using this segmentation method. Psychographic segmentation involves intangible variables such as beliefs, attitudes and opinions of the potential customer making it a more difficult area to define. In introducing a product to the market place, companies are trying to appeal to emerging attitudes, beliefs, values and lifestyles;for example,there is an increasing sensitivity to the environment and as a result many companies have adopted strategies that try to appeal to that attitude. Psychographic considerations are becoming increasingly common. Behavioural segmentation divides buyers into groups based on their knowledge, uses or responses to a product. Many marketers believe that behaviour variables are the best starting point for building market segments. Buyers can be grouped according to occasions. Occasion segmentation can help firms build up product usage;for example, holidays such as mother's day and father's day were originally promoted to increase sales in flowers, chocolates, cards and other gifts. Many marketers advertise and prepare special offers in the run up to holiday occasions. A powerful form of segmentation is to group buyers according to the benefits they seek from a product. People want different mixes of benefits from the product they buy; for example, everyone uses shampoo to wash their hair but people want more from their shampoo such as economy, fresh smell, anti-dandruff, shampoo or conditioner in one or a shampoo containing natural ingredients. To some customers price may be important whereas to others natural ingredients may matter most. Defining some of these benefit segments can also indicate the kinds of demographic or lifestyle descriptors that apply to people wanting those benefits.Marketers rarely limit their segmentation to one or few variables. Multiple segmentation bases are used in an attempt to identify smaller and better defined target groups. By going after segments instead of the whole market, companies have a better chance of delivering value to customers and receiving maximum rewards for close attention to customer needs. The obvious gain to customers is that they can find products that seem to fit more closely with what they want. These needs and wants are not only related to product function, but also to psychological fulfilment. Customers may feel that a particular supplier is more sympathetic towards them and therefore they will be more responsive and loyal to that supplier. Organisations that fail to segment deeply enough on significant criteria are likely to lose custom to competitors that do.Market segmentation helps an organisation to target its marketing mix more closely on the potential customer, and therefore they can meet their exact needs. Segmentation can also help an organisation to allocate its resources more efficiently. If a segment is well defined then the organisation will have sufficient understanding to develop precise marketing objectives and an accompanying strategy to achieve them with minimum wastage. There are many ways to segment a market but not all are effective. Useful market segments must demonstrate distinctiveness.Without a distinctive difference, segment boundaries become blurred and there is a risk that a company's offerings will not attract the required customers.However distinctiveness can be taken too far, too much detail in segmentation can lead to fragmentation of effort and inefficiency therefore a defined segment must be of a sufficient size. It is important that the segment is accessible, it must be possible to reach and serve the segment.Market segmentation reveals a firm's market segment opportunities. The firm has to evaluate the various segments and decide how many and which ones to target.After a company has identified its segments, they then have to develop and communicate a product positioning strategy. According to Wind, 180 "A product's positioning is the place a product occupies in a given market, as perceived by the relevant group of customers." Market segmentation offers a number of benefits to both customers and an organisation. Customers get an offering that is better tailored to their specific needs, as well as the satisfaction of feeling that the market is offering them a wider range of products to choose from. An organisation is more likely to gain customer loyalty because of the tailored offering as well as the benefits of more efficient resource allocation and improved knowledge of the market. An organisation can also use its segmentation as a basis for building a strong competetive edge, by understanding its customers on a deeper, psychological level and reflecting that in its marketing mixes. This forms bonds between organisations and its customers that are difficult for competition to break. There are however dangers in segmentation, if it is not done well. Poor definition of segments, inappropriate choice of key variables or poor analysis and implementation of the outcomes of a segmentation exercise can all be disastrous.There is also the danger that if competing marketers become too enthusiastic in trying to 'out-segment' each other, customers will become confused by the variety of choice open to them. In conclusion, market segmentation is a good and necessary activity in any market. If a company carries out effective segmentation, its customers should derive greater satisfaction from the goods and services they have purchased. Customer satisfaction is something all companies should strive for. Please note that this sample paper on market segmentation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on market segmentation, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on market segmentation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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