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Introduction.For this assignment I have got to answer three tasks they are -1. Make a wall chart or power point chart to illustrate three key figures in development psychology.You should assume that you are producing this to enable people to understand and discuss the issues raised.
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. Explain how learning and behaviour are linked. Using the holistic approach.. Prepare a presentation for other students used upon the following debate within psychology.Nature V Nurture.Question 1.Piagets Theory.Piaget called the first stage of cognitive development the sensori motor period a time when infants are learning to understand what they sense and take control of the world both cognitively and physically.Piaget's theory was that children develop scheme, these are patterns of behaviour, which are applicable to similar situations, and it is this that helps them to manage situations.Piaget's most central assumption was that the child is an active participant in the development of knowledge and constructing their own understanding.Piaget found several vital sub-processes of adaption they were - ɨ Schemas, A pivotal Piagetion concept and one of the hardest to grasp is the schema. This is used as the term concept or the phrase mental category.ɨ Assimilation, is a process of taking things in like an event of experience.ɨ Accomodation, The complementary process is accommodation, which involves changing the schema as a result of the new information you have taken in by assimilation.ɨ Equilibration, Piaget assumed that the child is always trying to stay in balance to have an understanding of the world.Piaget's stages of development.The sensori motor stage is from birth to 18 months.The Preoperational stage is from 18 months to 6 years old.The Concrete operations stage is from 6 years to 1 years of age.The formal operations stage is from 1 years old to adult hood. Vygotsky's Theory.Vygotsky believed that forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than primarily in the child's private explorations as Piaget thought.According to Vygotsky an adult or a more skilled child, who acts as a model and structures the child's learning, guides children's learning of new cognitive skills.Vygotsky suggested new learning is best achieved in what he called the zone of proximal development. Vygotsky said that the key to the interactive process lay in the language the adult used to describe things.Later the child could use some language to guide their independent attempts to do the same kind of tasks.Bandura.Bandura argued that learning does not always require direct reinforcement. Learning may also occur merely as a result of watching someone else perform some actions. Learning of this type is called observational learning or modelling. Children learn ways of doing things from TV and watching people.Bandura also calls attention to another class of reinforcements such as pride or discovery. These are reinforcements internal to the individual such as the pleasure a child feels when they figure out how to do something.Finally Bandura has gone far towards bridging the gap between learning theories and Cognitive development theories by emphasizing important cognitive elements in observational learning. He calls his theory "Social cognitive theory" rather than " social learning theory", which is what it was originally called. QuestionLike Skinner and the other behaviorists, social learning theorists agree that discipline and rewards play an important role in behavior. However, they also pay great attention to the mental processes intervening between perception of a stimulus and the decision to respond. We can then imitate the behaviors that bring rewards and avoid those that are disciplined. Children must learn certain responses. Such as speech, manners, and attitudes towards adults. Children learn these responses through their association with support (any condition that makes learning occur). If a mother smile at her child each time the child is polite to adults, her smile reinforces the learning of manners. The task of the adult is to arrange the environment so that it provides suitable and effective reinforcements for desired behavior. An important aspect of social learning theory is that a specific behavior, besides hardly producing an external outcome, also leads to a self-evaluative reaction.Skinner developed the idea of shaping. If you control the rewards and discipline that the environment gives in reply to behaviors, then you can shape behavior (commonly known as behavior modification). The four major teaching/learning strategies suggested by behaviorism are Shaping target behavior is rewarded; taking Berlos principle of the amount of reward, the reward is increased the better the behavior? The intended target behavior needs to be as specific as possible. If people dont know what you want them to achieve, they cant know whether theyre getting closer to achieving it or not. Chaining mixed behaviors are broken down into simpler ones, each of which is a modular component of the next more complex stage. The learner is rewarded for acquiring a skill, after which the reward is withdrawn until the next, composite skill is acquired.This enables Berlos time delay between response and reward to be reduced. Its important, therefore, that support should be immediate. Breaking behaviors down in this way also has the advantage of achievability. However, caution should be exercised that the rewards do not become too regular and frequent, otherwise, according to Skinner, they lose much of their effect. Discrimination learning the learner comes to discriminate between settings in which a particular behavior will be reinforced. For this discrimination to occur, it is important that confusion be eliminated through what Berlo refers to as the isolation of the relationship.Fading ultimately, the discriminatory stimuli may be withdrawn, a habit is acquired and practiced as the effort required is reducedBandura and Mischel argued that learning experiences of two types are special importance in influencing moral behavior.ɨ Direct Tuition this is based on being rewarded or reinforced for behaving in one way and being disciplined for behaving another.ɨ Observational Learning observing other people being rewarded or disciplined for behaving in certain ways and then imitating rewarded behavior can learn moral behavior.Here is J.B. Watsons three key assumptions to behavior and learning. ɨ Observable behavior rather than internal thought processes are the focus of study. In particular, learning is manifested by a change in behavior.ɨ The environment shapes ones behavior; what one learns is determined by the elements in the environment, not by the individual learner.ɨ The principles of closeness (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning process.So this proves that learning and behavior are linked with each other because from being a child you behave in ways that bring reward, through using your manners at home to the way to behave in public.Question .What is nature? Nature is the phenomena of physical life not dominated by man. Something that is born that way, innate.What is nurture? Nurture is what we learn and experience.The research in to the nature nurture debate has mainly been conducted on twins.ɨ Uniovulor (identical twins) in the same family environment.ɨ Uniovular twins in different family environments.ɨ Biovular (non identical) in the same family environmentɨ Biovular twins in different family environments.The debate of nature vs. nurture means that it is either our genetic makeup or environmental influences that are responsible for the way we develop? Our genetics inheritance is a mixture of both our parents' genes and is called a genotype. A genotype is sort of a picture or blue print of what we will be like as we grow up. Many years ago some psychologists believed that our personality, intellect, sex role etc were determined by our genes and couldn't be changed.Now we know that those views were wrong. We are born with many abilities for e.g. certain aspects of our visual system are right there from birth. But a lot of what we become is what we have learned from people around us like family, friends and the environment, All of this combines and makes us all what we are.In actuality nature and nurture each have an effect on the each other, and both work together towards shaping development. Because experiences and the environment affect almost every aspect of human development, Neurons to towns it is essential to provide supports to children and families by promoting healthy, stimulating, stable and safe care giving environments, whether children are at home or in early care and education. Bibliography.Hartley,J. (18) Learning and Studying. A research perspective.Watson,J.B (11) Psychology as the behaviourist views; Psychology review.Davenport, G.C Child Development.www.psychologists.comwww.Psychology.co.ukWork we did in class. Please note that this sample paper on Psychology is for your review only. 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