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Achieved TermpaperCLONINGGenetic engineering, altering the inherited characteristics of an organism in apredetermined way, by introducing into it a piece of the genetic material of
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another organism. Genetic engineering offers the hope of cures for manyinherited diseases, once the problem of low efficiencies of effective transferof genetic material is overcome. Another development has been the refinement of the technique calledcloning, which produces large numbers of genetically identical individuals bytransplanting whole cell nuclei. With other techniques scientists can isolatesections of DNA representing single genes, determine their nucleotidesequences, and reproduce them in the laboratory. This offers the possibilityof creating entirely new genes with commercially or medically desirableproperties.While the potential benefits of genetic engineering are considerable, so maybe the potential dangers. For example, the introduction of cancer-causinggenes into a common infectious organism, such as the influenza virus, couldbe hazardous.We have come to believe that all human beings are equal; but even morefirmly, we are taught to believe each one of us is unique. Is that ideaundercut by cloning? That is, if you can deliberately make any number ofcopies of an individual, is each one special? How special can clones feel,knowing they were replicated like smile buttons. We arent just our genes,were a whole collection of our experiences, says Albert Jonsen. But theidea, he adds, raises a host of issues, from the fantastic to the profound.When anesthesia was discovered in the 1th century, there was a speculationthat it would rob humans of the transforming experience of suffering. Whenthree decades ago, James Watson and Francis Crick unraveled the geneticcode, popular discussion turned not to the new hope for vanquishing diseasebut to the specter of genetically engineered races of Since the beginning of the human race, we have been looking. We have beenlooking for ways to make our lives healthier, more comfortable, and happier. Inthe beginning it was simple rocks, plants, and fires. As our technology advancedso did the comfort of our lives. The wheel, the cure to the plaque, and who canforget the remote control, were all tools that made it possible to improve thequality of life. What tool lies ahead in the future to promote our well beingand happiness? Genetic engineering is that tool. Every living thing is made upof genes, and with the capability of altering these genes, the possibilities areendless. Everything from better quality produce to the prevention of cancer is apossibility with genetic engineering, and scientists are just now beginning tounderstand the complex gene patterns. If you can imagine a world free ofdiabetes, or male pattern baldness, and genetics has a major role. Geneticengineers might someday have the capabilities to remove these genes or evenclone wanted genes, and in the end allowing us to live the healthy, comfortable,happier lives we seek. The numbers of positive outcomes from genetic engineeringare inconceivable. Genetic engineering will lead to healthier, more comfortable,and better lives. Genetic engineering will improve every day produce and goods.For producers involved with living organisms as their products, genes play amajor role in the quality of their products and amount of profit. If a farmerscows are not as lean, or their corn is diseased, then the demand for theirproduct is going to be less than the competition. That is where genetics comesin. It is possible, by altering certain genes, to create a leaner cow, or adisease resistant stalk of corn, and it is this fact that makes geneticengineering invaluable to the every day farmer. If their cattle is leaner, ortheir chickens are engineered to lay two eggs instead of one, then there isgoing to be a greater profit earned by the farmers, and a better quality ofproduct. In the near future there may be bacon that is relatively fat free, or achicken breast with twice the meat. By selecting the wanted genes and removingthe unwanted, the producer can improve it product that it sells to the consumer,and the spectrum is not just restricted to food. Softer cloths, sturdier wood,hardier trees and shrubs, and slower growing, greener grass are allpossibilities. These improved products will impact everyone, and will beeverywhere. The impact is hazy, but the effect is clear; they will improve notonly the profit of the producer, but also the lives of the consumer. Geneticaltering will be a powerful tool against disease, and disabilities. Every yearmillions of people die from a variety of diseases and disabilities that arepassed down by genes. Cancer is one example of a disease that has been linked togenes and heredity. Many patients have a family history involving some type ofcancer in the past. With the introduction of genetic engineering, there is agood chance that scientists will be able to locate genes that are prone tocancer and alter them so that the chance of getting cancer is greatly reduced.Cancer is not the only disease that this could be applied to either. Almost anydisease, disorder, or disability has a future in genetic engineering. Anotherexample is Downs syndrome, a syndrome that is passed down through generationsby a mutated gene, and causes mental impairment. Imagine if someday that mutatedgene could be removed from a familys future, allowing theiFirst cloned baby born on 6 DecemberThe worlds first cloned baby was born on 6 December, claims the Bahamas-based cloning company Clonaid. But there has been no independent confirmation of the claim. The girl, named Eve by the cloning team, was said to have been born by Caesarean section at 1155 EST. The birth at an undisclosed location went very well, said Brigitte Boisselier, president of Clonaid. The company was formed in 17 by the Raelian cult, which believes people are clones of aliens.The baby is very healthy. She is doing fine, Roisselier told a press conference in Hollywood, Florida, on Friday. The seven-pound baby is a clone of a 1-year-old American woman, whose partner is infertile, she said. Proving that the baby is a clone of another person would be possible by showing that their DNA is identical. Genetic tests on the baby and mother will now be carried out and the results will be available in eight or nine days, Boisselier said. She told reporters You can still go back to your office and treat me as a fraud. You have one week to do that. Boisselier added that Michael Guillen, science editor at ABC News and a former Harvard University mathematician, will carry out the genetic tests. Necessary expertise Many scientists are sceptical of Boisseliers claim. Alan Trounson of Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, says he does not believe the group has the necessary expertise to clone a person. And nearly everything they have said in the past has never been confirmed by scientific investigation, he told the Sydney Morning Herald. Maverick fertility scientist Severino Antinori, who claimed earlier in December that the first cloned baby would be born in January 00, is also critical. An announcement of this type has no scientific corroboration and risks creating confusion, he said. We keep up our scientific work without making announcements. I dont take part in this ... race.Opponents of human cloning point to the high rate of miscarriages of cloned animal fetuses, and the high rate of defects in live births. Boisselier has claimed that the large number of female cult members willing to act as surrogate mothers increased their chances of success.Irresponsible and repugnant Attempting to clone humans is irresponsible and repugnant and ignores the overwhelming scientific evidence from seven mammalian species cloned so far, Rudolph Jaenisch, a cloning expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology told New Scientist previously. In May, US-based fertility scientist Panos Zavos told the US Congress that five groups of scientists were rushing to be the first to produce the first cloned human baby.Reproductive cloning - creating a baby rather than a cloned early embryo - is illegal in many countries. But in November, talks on a global ban were suspended, following a series of deadlocked United Nations meetings. http//www.newscientist.comWelcome to CLONAID™ the first human cloning company! CLONAID™ was founded in February 17, by Ra l, the leader of the Raelian Movement, an international religious organization, which claims that a human extraterrestrial race, called the Elohim, used DNA and genetic engineering, to scientifically create all life on Earth. The name, Elohim, is found in the Hebrew Bible and was mistranslated into the word God. The Raelian Movement also claims that Jesus was resurrected using an advanced cloning technique performed by the Elohim. Ra l handed over the CLONAID™ project three years ago to Dr. Brigitte Boisselier, a Raelian Bishop, who is now Managing Director of CLONAID™. Dr. Brigitte Boisselier has founded a new company that is now carrying out the CLONAID™ projects as well as other projects presented herein. The name and the location of this company are currently being kept secret for obvious security reasons.Human clone embryosThe main goal of CLONAID™ is to give life to the first human clone. Additionally, CLONAID™ is offering a range of services such as INSURACLONE™, OVULAID™ and CLONAPET™, and creating personal stem cells. A more detailed description of these services can be found in the Services section. Last but not least, CLONAID™ is also selling an embryonic cell fusion system, the RMX010, that our scientists have developed themselves. Thanks to this new device we have achieved extraordinary results in creating hundreds of blastocysts already, as can be seen in theProducts section.CLONAID™, the first company in the world to offer human cloning, expects to have over a million customers worldwide interested in its services as well as many laboratories seeking partnership with it in this venture.Cloning will enable mankind to reach eternal life. The next step will be to directly clone an adult person without having to go through the growth process, and to transfer the memories and personality into this person just as the Elohim do using their 5,000 years of advanced scientific knowledge. Then, we will wake up after death in a brand new body just like after a good night sleep! Ra lhttp//www.clonaid.comEVE'S PARENTS DECISIONAfter two weeks of joy, somewhat spoiled by a real concern for their baby,Eve's parents have decided to postpone their decision to grant access to an independent expert. They will allow the test to be performed only when they have the absolute guarantee that the baby will not be taken from them. There are several means to achieve that, including having Eve become a non-US citizen, which is a difficult decision for the parents.Dr. Brigitte Boisselier declares "If by having to prove my credibility I have to risk in any way the separation of the mother and the baby, as a mother myself, I will never hesitate. Potential customers of our company have to know that they will always have the priority and I will no longer ask future parents by contract to reveal their identity. I could never have imagined that there would be such insensitive people in the world as this attorney willing to separate a healthy baby from her happy family. I am sure that all the mothers of the world will support my decision. If I have to choose between science and love I will always choose love."Dr. Boisselier adds that she is confident tests will be performed on either one of the five babies born or due to be born by February 5th. She also says that she is happy that no tests have been performed before the announcement since the independent expert would have had to reveal the identity of the parents if a judge were to ask. "The happiness of Eve and her parents is more important than my reputation. She is alive and healthy and tests can beperformed at any time in her life. There will always be a time to re-establish my reputation. Meanwhile other babies are coming and among them, some will be made public", concluded Dr. Boisselierhttp//www.clonaid.com/Is cloning unnatural?Not at all - some organisms in nature only reproduce using cloning - not only bacteria and yeasts, but also larger organisms like some snails and shrimp. Because in nature sexual reproduction is the only way to improve the genetic stock of a species, most asexual species tend to die off, but at least one - a shrimp called Artemia perthenogenetica - has survived for at least 0 million years. Many more species, including the aphid, reproduce by cloning most of the time, only reproducing sexually every few generations. Perhaps one day humankind may follow their lead.Is an identical twin essentially the same as a clone?Only if the clone is born at the same time from the same womb as its clone, as we now know that what a fetus is exposed to in the womb, in the way of nutrition or alcohol or drugs or perhaps even stress hormones, can influence its physical and mental development.Could some lunatic clone Hitler if human cloning were perfected?Just possibly - but they wouldnt get what they wanted. First, they would need some living cells from his body - unless it was frozen or otherwise preserved soon after death they would probably be unusable. More importantly, because of differences in the environment of the womb and upbringing clone Hitlers would not act, think or even necessarily look like the original.Could clones be farmed to provide spare body parts for their parent clone without problems of tissue rejection?Possibly, although we dont know enough yet to be confident that rejection would be eliminated entirely. You would also have to wait a number of years until the clones organs were mature enough to transplant, and of course your actions would be highly illegal unless your clone was willing to act as a donor as a clone would be just as human as you or I. Even leaving aside the ethical concerns, with the progress that is being made in understanding and coping with tissue rejection, you would be more likely to have a pigs heart in your future than a clones.Would a clone have a soul?Though we are not theologians if you grant souls to identical twins and to the various kinds of test tube babies already being born then it follows that a clone would have one too. Could people be cloned without conscious brains (so their body parts could be harvested with fewer moral qualms)?No. For starters, whatever consciousness is, it doesnt reside in any one brain structure or set of genes that could be easily removed from the clone before or during its development. Moreover, attempting to surgically or genetically erase someones consciousness is itself morally dubious. It would also be hard to know if your technique worked. A person can look and behave like a mindless vegetable but have a very active mind - witness the paralysed French writer, Jean-Dominique Bauby, who dictated a 10 page novel by moving an eyelid.Could vital organs be grown using cloning without the rest of a body?Possibly - but nobody is even close to knowing how. Contrary to scientists expectations, the birth of Dolly shows it is possible to reprogram the cell of an adult (or at least its genome) so that it begins development all over again. This newly discovered flexibility means it may one day be possible to reprogram skin or blood cells so that they grow into spare part tissues and organs, rather than whole organisms. But the technical obstacles will be huge.Could cloning be used to create super warriors or super-intelligent people?Possibly - though we dont yet know enough about human genetics to do much improving of people. So far, because of ethical concerns, geneticists are concentrating on finding the causes of genetic diseases and then curing them. Cloning makes it easier to meddle with human and animal genes but is not necessarily genetic improvement, by itself. Even before recent discoveries a considerable amount of genetic improvement of animals was already taking place. A thoroughbred horse is essentially genetically engineered, for example.Genetic engineering is rather a hit and miss technique. You try to add the gene you want in the right place, in the right cell, and sometimes that works. Before cloning, genetically engineering a sheep, for example, might have involved injecting DNA into the egg or early embryo. It was only once the animal grew up and was tested that it was possible to see if the desired genetic change had been introduced and stably incorporated into the animals germline.Cloning, in theory, allows you to turn any cell into an animal. So instead of injecting DNA into an egg, you can shoot DNA into cells in a petri dish, allow them to grow and look among millions of cells for the type of genetic alteration you want. Since it is so much easier to manipulate cells than sheep - not to mention the fact that it is easier to feed, say, 100,000 cells than the same number of livestock - much rarer and more subtle gene manipulation can be accomplished, such as replacing one gene for another, or changing a single DNA letter of a gene.Once you have cells with the desired genetic character, they are fused with an egg from which the chromosomes have been removed. Any animal that grows up from that experiment will have the genetic change in every cell of their body.Could cloning be used to save endangered species?At the moment its success rate is very low (Dolly was only cloned after 76 tries) but if this can be improved on it might well turn out to be useful to increase the population of hard-to-breed animals. Extinct animals (or animals without females) would be more difficult. A female cant normally give birth to an animal of a different species, although in certain cases a female of a closely-related species could give birth to a clone of a different species (see the example of Noah the gaur).Could cloning help gay couples to conceive and make men unneccessary for procreation?In principle, yes. Of course a clone would have to be the identical twin of one or the other partner - it would be difficult to duplicate any of the mixing of genes that occurs during sexual reproduction using cloning techniques.http//www.newscientist.comHow will these issues affect the prospects for cloned organ transplants, or the commercial farming of cloned animals?Cloning technology is being used to genetically modify pigs to make their organs more compatible with the human immune system. But these animals will be bred naturally to create many animals to use as organ donors. Since the health problems of clones dont seem to appear in their offspring, cloning defects may not be a problem for xenotransplantation.But if cloned animals do die early this may complicate plans to clone copies of desirable animals, such as supercows which produce unusually high amounts of milk. However it isnt clear if other species, such as cows, pigs, or goats suffer a shortened lifespan as do some clone mice. Even if they do, that wont necessarily spell the end for hopes of commercially cloned farm animals. If the illnesses that clones develop are easily screened for and treated, or dont occur until after the animal is too old to be productive, cloned animals might still be useful.Why all the fuss about Dolly the sheeps arthritis?Dolly was the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult sheep. The arthritis - a condition that occurs most often in the elderly - suggests that Dolly is ageing prematurely. Some critics of cloning suspect that this is a genetic defect created by the cloning process. They point to how many cloned animals die at birth or soon after. Of course, its possible that Dollys arthritis has nothing to do with ageing, and was simply caused by an injury or was an inherited defect from her genetic mother.How can we tell if clones age prematurely?Cell structures called telomeres gradually shorten as cells divide and age. This can lead to genetic errors that result in disease. In the case of Dolly, her telomeres are shorter than scientists would expect for a sheep of her birth age. This does not necessarily mean that she is ageing prematurely, as there is no proven link between shortened telomeres and premature ageing. And other clones dont show signs of telomere shortening. We need to study whether diseases that are common in old age, such as arthritis, occur in a normal way in cloned animals.How old is Dolly?That depends on whether you mean her birth age - five years - or her genetic age - eleven years. Dolly was born in 17, but all the cells in her body originate from genetic material extracted from the udder of a six-year old sheep.http//www.newscientist.com/hottopics/cloning/cloning_lifespanfaq.jspBrave new medicineCreating human clones for no good reason is wrong UNTIL this week its most famous creations were the typewriter and shredded wheat. Now the city of Worcester, Massachusetts, is earning a reputation for cloning human embryos (see Dont expect any miracles).Most reactions to the news were utterly predictable. Bang on cue, advocates of therapeutic cloning spoke passionately about the need to continue such research to cure life-threatening illnesses, pro-life groups just as passionately about the need to stop it in its tracks. And caught in the middle were the politicians, trying as ever to keep pace with developments in the labs and read the publics mood. And failing.New Scientist went to press with the British government still pushing through emergency legislation designed to make it a criminal offence to implant cloned human embryos. Few dispute the need to slam this door shut. But at the same time British ministers are keener than ever to keep the door wide open on human cloning for therapeutic purposes. This is far more contentious and is what separates Britain from the rest of Europe and the US.Take the US House of Representatives. It has already voted to make any form of human cloning a criminal offence punishable by $1 million fine and up to 10 years in prison. The only reason this law is not now being used to charge the scientists who created the clones in the news is that the Senate has not yet debated the issue. When it does, it too is likely to vote to ban all forms of human cloning-and there will be no more Worcester clones.On the face of it, the American approach seems backward and Britains enlightened. In fact both have problems. Ministers in Britain have too easily swallowed the line that cloning human embryos is essential to medical progress. It is not. True, in the aftermath of Dolly, therapeutic cloning was seen as the way forward. Thats why the biotech industry and so many influential scientists pushed hard to get governments to accept it. In Britain they did their job too well. Like stuck records, ministers and policy makers continue to enthuse about therapeutic cloning even though the majority of bench scientists no longer think its possible or practicable to treat patients with cells derived from cloned embryos. They have already moved on to investigating the alternatives.Which raises an obvious question. If cloned embryos are not the key to a brave new medicine, why should we let scientists create them? Certainly the embryos in the news have revealed little of scientific value and wont cure anyone. Creating them now when there are so many unanswered questions about ordinary embryonic stem cells is hard to justify. That may change, so a blanket ban would be unwise. But we should at least insist scientists justify their research stringently beforehand to regulators armed with the will to veto all but the most necessary experiments. At present the threshold is either non-existent, set too low, or about to be set sky high. To say that a cloned ball of cells no bigger than a pinprick cannot be created to allow a grown person to live is cruelly dogmatic.But to let scientists create as many as they want for no good purpose is just as wrong.http//www.newscientist.com/hottopics/cloning/cloning.jsp?id=10100Cloned babies are a bad idea when the science is still in its infancy SEVERINO ANTINORI is a rich Italian doctor with a string of private fertility clinics to his name. He likes watching football and professes the Catholic faith. Yet the Vatican is no fan of his science.In his clinics, Antinori already offers every IVF treatment under the Sun, but still there are couples he cannot help. So now the man Italians call Dr Miracle is offering to clone his patients to create the babies they so desperately want.And of course its created quite a stir, with other scientists rounding on Antinori as religious leaders line up to slam his cloning plan as an affront to human dignity. Yet its an ambition Antinori has expressed many times before. Whats new is that finally it seems to be building a head of steam. Like-minded scientists from the US have joined Antinori in his cloning odyssey. At a conference in Rome last week they claimed hundreds of couples have already volunteered for the experiments.Suddenly, the idea of cloning people is no longer the preserve of cranks, religious sects and those on the fringes. Scientists with credentials and track records seem to be entering the field. Antinori shot to fame seven years ago helping post-menopausal grandmothers give birth using donor eggs. Later he pioneered the use of mice to incubate the sperm of men with poor fertility. He is clearly no ordinary scientist but a showman who thrives on controversy and pushing reproductive biology to the limits. And that of course is one reason why hes seen as being so dangerous.The other, paradoxically, is that his idea of using cloning to combat infertility is not as mad as it sounds. Many people have a hard job seeing the point of reproductive cloning. Why bother when there are surrogate mums, egg donors and sperm banks around, not to mention adoption agencies? But this view is too simplistic. For some couples, cloning represents the only hope of having a child carrying their genes, and scientists like Antinori are probably right to say that much of our revulsion to cloning as a fertility treatment is irrational. In future we may want to change our minds and allow it in special circumstances.But only when the science is ready. And thats the real problem. Five years on from Dolly, the science of cloning is still stuck in the dark ages. The basic recipe might sound simple take an empty egg, fuse it with a cell from the animal you want to clone, then give it a jolt of electricity. But the failure rate is a staggering 7 per cent and malformed fetuses all too common. Even when cloning works, nobody understands why. So forget the complex moral arguments. To begin cloning people now, before even the most basic questions have been answered, is simply a reckless waste of time and energy.Which is not to say that Antinori will fail, only that if he succeeds it is likely to be at an unacceptably high price. Hundreds of eggs and embryos will be wasted and lots of women will go through difficult pregnancies resulting in miscarriages or abortions. A few years from now techniques will have improved and the wastage wont be as excessive. But right now there seems to be little anyone can do to keep the cloners at bay.And its not just Antinori and his team who are raring to go. A religious sect called the Raelians believes cloning is the key to achieving immortality, and it, too, claims to have the necessary egg donors and volunteers willing to be implanted with cloned embryos.So what about tougher laws? Implanting cloned human embryos is already illegal in many countries but it will never be outlawed everywhere. In any case, criminalising cloning is more likely to drive it underground than stamp it out. Secrecy is already a problem. Antinori and his team are refusing to name the Mediterranean country theyll be using as their base. And who knows where the Raelians will be manipulating their eggs and embryos. Like it not, the research is going ahead. Sooner or later we are going to have to decide whether regulation is safer than prohibition.Antinori would go for regulation, of course. He believes it is only a matter of time before we lose our hang-ups about reproductive cloning and accept it as just another IVF technique. Once the first baby is born and it cries, he said last week, the world will embrace it.But the world will never embrace the first cloned baby if it is sickly or deformed or the sole survivor of hundreds of pregnancies. In jumping the gun, Dr Miracle and his colleagues are taking one hell of a risk. If their instincts are wrong, the backlash against cloning-and indeed science as a whole-could be catastrophichttp//www.newscientist.com/hottopics/cloning/cloning.jsp?id=80100Crossing the line on human cloning IN THE commentary, Beware advent of a post-human world (ST, Jan 7), Bill McKibben wrote Robert Lanza... called the Raelian announcement ap-palling, irresponsible and a sad day for science. Yet Lanza, two years ago, predicted that soon we would not just be cloning children but genetically souping them up Were close to being able to add 0 or 0 IQ points, and an equivalent boost of their muscle mass, to embryos, he said, adding, Who among us wouldnt say yes?This misrepresents what I said at the State of the World Forum in 000. I did say that technology already existed to increase muscle mass in animals genetically by knocking out a gene known as myostatin and that some day scientists might figure out how to increase human intelligence.I also posed the question, What parent would not want to increase their childs IQ 0 or 0 points?But I used this to illustrate the strong pressure that will develop to use cloning and genetic engineering to tamper with the human genome.I stated repeatedly that this crossed the line and was wrong.Human evolution has taken millions of years, and it would be arrogant and fool-hardy for us to think we can design a better person through science.ROBERT P. LANZAVice-President, Medical and Scientific Development,Advanced Cell Technology Inc.Worcester, Mass.http//straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/forum/story/0,486,165588,00.html LAW ON HUMAN CLONINGReproductive cloning to be banned KUALA LUMPUR - A draft of a law banning reproductive human cloning in Malaysia may be ready in June, Health Ministry Director-General Mohamad Taha Arif said. While many countries have either passed or begun the process of enacting such laws, Malaysia has had no laws against reproductive human cloning, although the government, in principle, opposes it.Advertisement Datuk Mohamad Taha, who heads a committee under the ministry tasked with formulating the law, said it would meet in March and the draft would be completed by June.We need to source opinions from local and foreign experts, including religious and ethical views. Hopefully, in six months time, we will have a draft, he said at a press conference on Thursday.The committee held its first meeting in September last year.Other members include officials from the Foreign Ministry, the Islamic Advancement Department (Jakim), the Science, Technology and Environment Ministry and the Attorney-Generals Chambers.Datuk Mohamad Taha said the law would cover all aspects of human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic.While the government was firmly against reproductive cloning, it was open to therapeutic cloning, which involves producing stem cells for growing new organs and research into various diseases.On Thursday, the National Fatwa Council reiterated that reproductive human cloning was not permitted in Islam because it violated the sanctity of human life, the natural order of creation and the supremacy of God as creator.The council, however, said therapeutic cloning was permitted, provided that the embryos from which the stem cells would be taken, were not cloned embryos.It also said stem cells from a natural embryo should be taken before the foetus reached 10 days as Muslims believe the embryo is not yet infused with a soul before that time. -- New Straits Times http//straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/asia/story/0,486,165510,00.html? 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