Chiropractic

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The word "Chiropractic" is derived from the Greek word chiropraktikos, meaning "effective treatment by hand"(DC Victoria). Chiropractic is a branch of the healing arts. It is also a drugless and non-surgical mode of care. As Thomas Edison once said, "The doctor of the future will give no medicine, but will interest his patients in the care of the human frame, in diet, and in the cause and prevention of disease"(Gazdar 1). Over the years chiropractors began more and more focusing on the spine. It is now based upon the belief that good health depends on the functioning of the nervous system. Doctors of chiropractic use the same time-honored methods of consultation, case history, and x-rays as any other doctor. It is the examination of the spine structure and function that makes chiropractic so different from other health care procedures. The spinal column is a series of movable bones, which begin at the base of the skull and end at the center of the hips. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves extend down from the brain and exit through a series of openings. The nerves leave the spine and form a complicated network that influences every living tissue in the body. Accidents, falls, stress, tension, overexertion, and countless other factors can result in a displacement or derangements of the spinal column, causing irritation to spinal nerve roots. These irritations are often what cause malfunctions in the human body. Chiropractic teaches that reducing or eliminating this irritation to spinal nerves can cause your body to operate more efficiently and more comfortably. Chiropractic also places an emphasis on nutritional and exercise programs, wellness and lifestyle modifications for promoting physical and mental health (Chiropfind). It is for these reasons that chiropractic is becoming more and more accepted today.In 185 Dr. Palmer gave the first "chiropractic adjustment". Dr. Palmer, a magnetic healer, adjusted the neck of his janitor, Harvey Lillard. Harvey had become deaf seventeen years earlier when he displaced the vertebra in his neck. Dr. Palmer grabbed the vertebra and in his words, "I racked it into position using the spinous process as a lever and soon the man could hear as before." Over the next few days almost all of Harvey's hearing returned. Some doubt this ever occurred but even J.F. Bourdillon, M.D. says, "The start of chiropractic dates from when Palmer adjusted a Negro…" Bourdillon went on to say, "…there is no doubt in my mind that some dysfunction in joints in the upper thoracic spine can affect the function of the inner ear."This was especially unusual because medical doctors were the first to question chiropractic. Today, however, more and more medical doctors are beginning to refer patients to chiropractors. (Gazdar XXV)Many question why to go to a chiropractor? Well, the spine is not as well developed as everyone thinks. The spine has weak areas the design could be better; the bones and shock absorber disc pads that lie between them could be stronger and more resilient; and the joints could last longer. If the blood supply to the discs were more complete they would last a lifetime instead of two-decades of life. Without blood, oxygen, and nutrients, the discs dry out and degenerate faster. Because of our spines having a basic structural problem people tend to have problems in their everyday lives (America). These problems begin during the birthing process. The position of the mother coupled with the pulling from the delivering physician has a lot to do with the creation of subluxations. A subluxation as defined by the Association of Chiropractic College is "A subluxation is a complex of functional and/or structural and/or pathological articular

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changes that compromise neural integrity and may influence organ system function and general health"(America). These subluxations can cause swelling, which then cause "pinched" nerves. If a subluxation occurs in the lowest vertebra causing it to move forward Anterospondylolistheses (sway-back) can occur. (Gazdar ) This often causes low back pain for the rest of life. Teenagers also have back problems; this is due to the fact that the spine does not completely become bone until a person is in their mid-twenties. Most problems after the age of twenty occur due to trauma such as accidents, falls, or overexertion. There are two types of traumas macrotrauma and microtrauma. An example of macrotrauma is a whiplash type of injury to the neck. Any macrotrauma injuries are of a more serious nature. An example of microtrauma would be holding your head in one position for a long period of time causing a subluxation. The main reason people have for seeing a chiropractor is pain. There are ten reasons for pain in the back; trauma, poor posture, facet syndrome, disc problems, failed back surgery, subluxed ribs, common referred pain, Scalenus Anticus syndrome, arthritis, and direct trauma to the head. Nerve dysfunction easily occurs because the brain and the nervous system are very delicate. The smallest amount of pressure can cause an unbearable amount of pain. These conditions can be helped by chiropractic. (Gazdar )The chiropractic perspective on health and disease emphasizes two fundamental concepts the first being the structure and condition of the body influences how the body functions and it's ability to heal itself; and the mind-body relationship is instrumental in maintaining health and in the healing process. Chiropractic philosophy gravitates toward a holistic ("total person") approach to healing. They believe the body moves naturally toward health. As a chiropractic tenet once said, "The power that made the body is the power that heals the body." Because of this belief chiropractors emphasize on patient recuperative abilities rather than surgery. Many people are beginning to seek chiropractic care now instead of going through unnecessary surgeries. Chiropractic first tries to understand the causes of illness in order to eliminate it, rather that simply treat symptoms. In the past all that people worried about was diminishing pain. Now people have an understanding to truly deplete Chiropractic philosophy blends an effective combination of conviction, critical thinking, open-mindedness, and appreciation of the natural order of things. Chiropractic focuses on the establishment and maintenance of a relationship between patients and their environment, which is most conducive to functional well-being. Chiropractic has a salutary effect on one's health. Chiropractic care is the most conservative, safe and natural therapy available and should be tried first. If it does not help then one should consult a medical doctor. (DC Victoria)Becoming a chiropractor is no easy task. It all begins in high school. First, they exhort students to take high school Human Anatomy, Chemistry, Physics, Sociology, and Advanced Biology classes. Once in college one must retain a bachelor's degree in the science field. This degree must include classes like Kinesiology, Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. (Seif) Between sixty to seventy-five credits or more must be completed. Once this has been achieved one must attend chiropractic college. There are a total of seventeen chiropractic colleges in the United States none of which are located in Michigan. Only ten of the sixteen colleges were established prior to 145. Over 14,000 young men and women attend these chiropractic colleges each year. (Gazdar 16) The Council of Chiropractic Education, a nonprofit organization located in Arizona, influences admission requirements of chiropractic colleges. The chiropractic program consists of four academic years of professional education averaging a total of 4,8 hours of course work. Several areas of study are emphasized during the course adjustive techniques, spinal analysis, biomechanics, physiological therapeutics, and practices of chiropractics. The practice of chiropractic is licensed and regulated in all fifty states in the U.S. and in over thirty countries worldwide. State licensing boards regulate, among other factors, the education, experience and moral character of candidates for licensure, and protect the public health, safety and welfare. The National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) was established in 16 and functions quite similarly to the National Board of Medical Examiners. The NBCE maintains consistency and fairness among the state licensing boards. The NBCE also administers the national board examination process necessary to practice as a chiropractor. This exam is divided into three sections. Part I cover's the basic sciences and may be taken after the first year of chiropractic college education. Part II covers clinical sciences and is administered when students are in their senior year of Chiropractic College. The final Part III is a written clinical competency examination that requires a student to have passed parts I and II and be within eight months of graduation. (America)Most chiropractors come out of college making 0,000 to 40,000 dollars a year. Their salary depends on whether they join an office with other chiropractors or begin their own practice. If in a office with others they tend to have a stipend. More and more chiropractors are becoming independent of each other. But being independent takes some time to build a reputation. Novices are unfortunately seen as callow. On average a chiropractor makes 80,000 to 0,000 dollars a year. Some chiropractors, mainly in southern states, are beginning to form coalitions with hospitals and other types of doctors. Many people believe the combination of chiropractic and other fields will speed up the process of bringing a person to optimum health. To be a successful chiropractor one must have obtained certain skills outside of education, such as, hand dexterity, strength, and the feel of ones back to be able to manipulate someone. Chiropractors also must be very affable in order to keep patients coming back. In 1 there were 55,000 chiropractors practicing in the United States and the numbers are escalating. Between 004 and 006 chiropractors will have expected 0 percent job growth. (America)More and more chiropractors are beginning to not only deal with adjusting the back but also nutrition and exercise. One program that chiropractors often use is the Seven Habits of Healthy Aging. The Seven Habits of Healthy Aging is a step-by-step program to help control aging and prolong vitality. You begin this process by finding out what your actual age is. The objective of the Actual Age test is to discover key health indicators like muscle mass, body fat percentage, basal metabolic rate, blood pressure and hydration measurements that can "freeze frame" your body's age in years. You will discover how far your body, regardless of your chronological age, has already proceeded along the normal aging continuum and help to identify risks for preventable disease. Regular testing helps you track and monitor your progress over time, which can provide added motivation for anyone trying to increase energy, lose weight, reduce stress, or slow down aging. Once you have discovered your actual age you will be guided through the Seven Habits of Healthy Aging to bring you to optimum health.The first habit in healthy aging is balanced eating. Each meal should consist of 15 grams of protein, 0 grams of wholesome complex carbohydrates and 6-7 grams of healthy oils. By eating balanced meals every time one puts food in ones mouth, one will keep the body working at its optimum. The second habit is eating frequency. The key concept in eating frequency is to determine the daily protein amount one should have and spread it out evenly through out the day. A modicum amount of food at a time is best. Five meals are a minimum a day to keep metabolism up. By combining even just the first two habits one will begin to feel better.Habit three is Exercise. The key concept is that muscle is youth. Regular exercise will increase energy, stamina, and a better body shape. There are three levels of exercise plans. The first is for the low fit. This is for those who when test 10 years or older on their Actual Age test. This plan consists of cardiovascular aerobic exercise programs, with no muscular conditioning. The second plan is for the moderately fit program. It is for those who are one to nine years older than their chronological age. This plan consists of more aerobics then muscular conditioning but it does have some. The third plan is to maintain fitness. This plan is for those who are their chronological age or lower. This consists of cardiovascular training and muscular conditioning (Seif).Habit four deals with stimulants. The key concept of this habit is to gradually reduce one's use of stimulants and one will have increased concentration, more energy, more productivity, and better sleep. All stimulants become depressants and accelerate aging. A few examples of stimulants are coffee, soft drinks, alcohol and anything with caffeine. The fifth habit is stress. Stress is harmful because stress imbalances every hormone system of one's body. Stress weakens one's resistance, increases the chance of disease, contributes to fat gain and puts one on the fast track to aging. Some people are "addicted" to stress. This happens the same way people become "addicted" to caffeine. There are four areas of stress to be considered, mental or emotional, nutritional or chemical physical or structural, and electromagnetic. One must try and reduce all areas of stress (Seif).Habit six deals with supplements. It is almost impossible to receive all the nutrients one needs without the aid of supplements. Supplemental meal replacements let you control your protein, carbohydrates, and fat intake. The last habit is concerning hormone balance. To maintain optimum health all hormones should be in balance. The best way to achieve hormone balance is first to adhere to the first six habits in the program. The Seven Habits of Healthy Aging is designed to help men and women balance their health habits and improve every aspect of their lives. The answer to health is balance (Seif).It is true that chiropractic has been a long time in coming and gaining acceptance. Times have definitely changed. Many myths are beginning to die off. One myth is that chiropractors will give one a stroke. This is one of the falsest statements and one of the most misunderstood. Another myth is that chiropractors think they can cure everything. The fact is that the body is truly an amazing machine, and one should respect and take care of it. Chiropractic is not a religion, as some believe. It is not just a philosophy or just a science either. Like medicine, it is a philosophy backed up by science, and a science practiced with philosophy. Chiropractic is a branch of the healing arts. Chiropractic care has a salutary affect on one's health. (America) Please note that this sample paper on Chiropractic is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Chiropractic, we are here to assist you. 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Anime and its effects on Japanese culture

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AnimeJapanese culture is heavily influenced by their style of cartoons, anime (which is derived from a French word), which is also also known as Japanimation. Anime is simply cartoons which have Japanese origin. Popular examples of this are Dragon Ball Z, Pokemon, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and Thundercats. One of the MAJOR differences between anime and U.S. animation is the quality of storytelling and level of understanding at which the story develops. Though things are changing in the U.S., the majority of animation is geared at young minds and actually are almost insulting to those young minds in the treatment of the story.Anime in Japan is made for all types of audiences including children, adolescents, and adults. There are categories of anime and manga (Japanese comic) for girls, boys, young girls, young boys, adolescent boys, adolescent girls, conservative adults, non-conservative adults and so on. The subjects of anime range from history (past and future), to fantasy, dramatic, science fiction, popular culture, cyber-reality, cyber-punk, adult, action, romance, political, and more. All of these elements and more can be found wrapped up in some of the most amazingly artistic, detailed, and revolutionary animation ever seen. Anime comes in many different forms, such as manga, t.v shows, movies and more. When many people hear the word anime they think of bloody, gory, fighting scenes, when if fact anime is so much more. As stated above, anime has many genres to suit the likes of audiences of all ages. They have funny shows like Pokemon and Dragon Ball Z for the younger audience, shows like Dragon Ball Z and Fushigi Yuugi for the teenagers, and shows like Perfect Blue and Venus 5 for the adults (or perverts). Anime effects the way people in Japan act, how they see the world, political aspects, and deals with much more, and my paper tells of the influence anime has in Japan. My paper is original in that no one else has written it. My method of investigation was to go on www.google.com, type in various subjects pertaining to anime, and researched it. Pokemon

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Pok mon are a unique group of creatures that were invented by a company called Game Freak in Japan. Pok mon (original name in Japanese - Poketto Monstaa) are based on the creators childhood fascination with collecting insects - Pok mon themselves are evolved cross-hybrids of different animals, such as the mouse-like Pikachu or the bear-like Cubone. Pok mon are unique in the fact that some of them evolve into other Pok mon. Based on a popular series of video games, Pok mon players (known as trainers) battle their stored Pok mon against Pok mon they encounter. The winner of a match is a trainer whose Pok mon cause opposing Pok mon to either faint or flee. You can also catch these Pok mon and keep them for your own. Another aspect of the Pok mon games that is so appealing is the amount of interaction between characters and other players. In order to progress through the game and find all of the Pok mon, you have to speak with other non-playable characters in the Pok mon worlds, challenge other trainers, and even exchange Pok mon with friends via a link cable.The Pok mon universe is more than just the games. There's a popular television show that remains in the top spot on the KidsWB network, a series of successful movies (the first, Pok mon The First Movie, had an opening weekend take of $1.04 million, beating the Titanic's opening of $8.64 million), and a trading card game distributed and sold by Wizards of the Coast that are central to Pok mon's success. It has become a global enterprise with its own retail store, website, and even a float in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.A brief history must include the core characters of the animated series. Ash Ketchum, an affable, ageless ten-year old, is on a quest to win the Pok mon regional championships and become a Pok mon master. He starts his adventure with Pikachu, a Pok mon given to him by his mentor, Professor Oak. Pikachu has certain "electrifying" characteristics, mainly his special abilities Thundershock and Thunderbolt. Fushigi YuugiFushigi Yuugi was introduced to the public in 1 and ran until 16 in a bi-weekly Shoujo Komikku (Girlís comic) in Japan. This story contained 106 chapters and took four years to complete. Much of the story evolved around Miaka Yuuki and her friend Yui Hongo. The story focuses around a strange Chinese book called The Universe of the Four Gods which Miaka and Yui found in a library. As they began reading, they were transported into the story itself. The book itself was an incarnation. It seemed that once the pages were turned the story would become true and begin. In this story one girl was to gather together the Seishi of Suzaku (guardian of Suzaku) inorder to obtain an omnipotent power, which could make any wish, come true. However it was to only occur if the main character made it to the end of the book. This caused Miaka to become the main character of the story.In the story, Miaka becomes the priestess of Suzaku and is in charge of gathering all seven Seishi inorder to save the kingdom of Konan. However, Miaka faces many challenges such as facing her inner self, experiencing love and friendship, and even betrayal. Throughout the story, Miaka falls in love with Tamahome, who is a Seishi, and together with the other guardians, Hotohori, Nuriko, Chichiri, Tasuki, Mitsukake, and Chiriko go through many trials of pain, grief, disappointment, happiness, success, and loss. Later in the story, Yui is transported back into the book and becomes the priestess of Seiryuu and becomes Miakaís enemy. Through the plot and story line of Fushigi Yuugi this had allowed many readers to become engrossed into this well written drama. Perfect BlueMima was a pop idol, worshipped by the masses until fashion dictated otherwise. In order to salvage her career, she is advised to drop music and pursue acting. A soap opera role is offered but Mima's character is less clean cut than desired. Regardless, she agrees and events take a turn for the worse. She begins to feel reality slip, that her life is not her own. She discovers (imagines) her identical twin, a mirror image that hasn't given up singing. Internet sites appear describing every intimate detail of her life and a figure stalks her from the shadows.Her friends and associates are threatened (and killed) as Mima descends into a dangerous world of paranoid delusion. She fears for her life and must unravel fact from illusion in order to stay alive. Perfect Blue represents a major change from traditional anime subject matter, analysing the pop icon phenomenon, fame and its psychological impact on the performer.Japanese Culture·For those individuals who have found true love, it is believed that they are connected by a string. This string enables them to know when the other is in trouble, and to even hear their voices. This pops up in anime quite often.·Nosebleeds occur in male anime characters after they have seen something they find arousing.·The sweatdrop is a stylized image used in anime to denote incredulity at something which just occured.·Superdeform is a style of caricature in which a normal anime character is shrunk in an out of proportion manner for comedic effect.Anime FAQQ What is Anime?A Anime is an American name for the style of art and animation developed by the Japanese. The word Anime is just the Japanese word for animation (of any kind), and it is pronounced Annie-May (both like the English names). Other commonly used words for Japanese animation are Japanimation, Japanime, and Manga (which is the Japanese word for comic books and animation in general).Q All right, thats what the word means, so what is Anime?A To get a little more in depth, animation in Japan is a different industry than it is in America. In Japan, although there are also animated TV series and movies made for kids, a lot of animation is created with teens and adults in mind. This kind of animation does exist in America (and is getting more popular)--some examples are the Simpsons, Doctor Katz, the Spawn animated Series, the old Hobbit movies, Titan AE, and the infamous Fritz the Cat. Japan, however, has been doing it for a lot longer, does a lot more of it, and (at least in the opinion of most anime fans) is generally better at it. Anime encompases the whole range of animation produced in Japan (and occasionally in other countries as well) that has a similar, relatively realistic style (you know, with the big eyes? Remember Speed Racer?), but the genres are a varied as those in live action movies. There are sci-fi stories, comedies (both of the silly and more adult type), action flicks of every flavor (much anime, but by no means all of it, fits here), romance stories (from adolescent girl stuff, all the way up), dramas (some of very high quality), and even literary adaptations. What you wont see much of is Disney-style musicals--a musical number is very rare, at best. You will see a lot of surprisingly deep and thoughful stories, some very interesting art, and lots of things that are interesting to adults (and some stuff that isnt suitable for younger viewers at all). Frankly, though anime isnt for everybody, there is at least something within the genre that will interest almost everybody. This web site might even help you find something youll like.Q Is this stuff ok for my kids to watch?A It depends. Some movies, yes (for example Kikis Delivery Service), others, definitely not. Check out the So, How Bad is It? section of the reviews here to get detailed information about what to expect, and the box will usually have a mention of the content in the small print on the back somewhere. In any case, always keep an eye on what your kids watch, especially when it comes to anime.Q Is this series/show/movie ok for somebody who doesnt like strong language/violence/nudity/etc.?A Again, if the movie or series youre wondering about has a review on this site, check the So, How Bad is It? section of the review; the content notes there should cover pretty well what kind of objectionable material is in the series (and let us know if you dont think it does!). If its not reviewed here, or you need more details, you can always ask AAW directly, or ask in the forums.Q Ok, whats with all the nudity?A First of all, Japanese attitudes about nudity are far less strict than those in the US and many other countries, and it is even legal to show some nudity on TV in Japan (actually, it is in the US now, too, but it has been there for quite a while, and its not such a big deal). And, since attitudes toward nudity are less strict in Japan, it is also not entirely uncommon to see nudity in a cartoon--even one targeted at children. Now, dont get me wrong--thats not erotic nudity by any stretch, but, for example, there have been brief spots of nudity in the Dragonball TV series and the Sailor Moon series (edited out, of course, for broadcast elsewhere). Second (as mentioned above) animation in Japan can be targeted at any age group from young children up through adults, and the themes depicted match. You wouldnt be surprised to see some nudity in a live-action R rated movie, so it shouldnt be so surprising to see nudity in a Japanese movie targeted at adults, even if it happens to be animated. Put these together, and it might not be so shocking that there is occasionally some nudity in an anime movie. Dont take this to mean that you shouldnt keep an eye on what your kids watch--just realize that, as with live action movies, you should be careful of what your kids are watching; there are some movies for kids, and some for the big guys. If youre a parent, make sure you know which is which. Also note that there is some pretty sleazy anime out there (as in pornography), but dont take that to mean that every Japanese animated movie with some adult themes is garbage--youd be missing some very impressive cinema.Q Whats with the huge eyes?A No, its not some kind of Asian inferiority complex, and actually, not quite all Anime has the big eye style. But, most of it does, and the fact of the matter is that no one is exactly sure why. The first person to use that style was, I think, Tezuka Osamu, the creator of the old Astro Boy TV series. At the time it was probably a sort of emulation of the Disney and Warner Brothers style (if you look, Bugs Bunny and Mickey Mouse have huge eyes), and it also no doubt relates to the simple fact that humans find big eyes cute (small children have proportionally bigger eyes). The animated TV series of that period were very popular, and the style stuck. It has been altered and adapted over the ages, but the eyes have remained roughly the same. Ive also heard another reason for the size of the eyes summed up by the old expression eyes are windows to the soul. The Japanese (and by extrapolation Japanese Animation) are very interested in emotion, and what better way to express emotion than through... well, really huge eyes.Q Who created anime, and when?A The artform we now call anime doesnt have a specific birthdate, and it wasnt exactly created by anyone. But, partly as a result of being the first or among the first to use the big eyed style, Tezuka Osamu is generally considered the father of anime. He started creating comics in 147, which were extremely popular, and at the begining of 16 Tetsuwan Atomu (known outside Japan as Astroboy) began airing. That is generally considered the first anime-style animated production.Q Whats up with all the weird English in the titles?A Many young people in Japan are really into English--kind of like the way some Americans think French is cool, but with a more modern image. English phrases (some fine, some rather nonsensical) are common in advertising, and many popular songs have titles and a few lyrics in English. Likewise, many anime titles end up in English; some of them make sense (Vampire Hunter), and others (Plastic Little) are only used because they sound cool.Q How come they keep saying English words in the Japanese songs?A As mentioned above, English in Japan is cool, particularly with the youngsters. As a result, it has become very common to see few words or phrases of English in a Japanese song, particularly in the refrain. I would go so far as to say that almost all pop songs have at least a few words of English in them (helped, of course, by the large number of English words borrowed into the Japanese language).In conclusion, anime plays a major role in many aspects of life in Japan, the United States, and everywhere in the world. It is a major business in all places because it appeals to crowds of all ages. Anime is not just cartoons, but an art. An art that many people spend their whole lives mastering, and can touch many people in many different ways. Work Citedwww.google.comwww.seika.org/animehttp//www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jmurphy/JPT500file/JPT.Projectfile/Jpt/Fushigi.htmlhttp//www.pokemon.com/history/ Please note that this sample paper on Anime and its effects on Japanese culture is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Anime and its effects on Japanese culture, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Anime and its effects on Japanese culture will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Drug Legalization

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Drug Legalization. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Drug Legalization paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Drug Legalization, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Drug Legalization paper at affordable prices !Drug Legalization in the United StatesShould drugs be legalized? This question has been debated for decades. Each side has benefits as well as problems. When the topic of legalizing drugs is discussed, the uneducated public immediately thinks it is a bad idea. To truly know which side is the best, for or against, one must go in-depth about the subject. Before one makes their judgment, one must know the history and current statistics of drugs, why they should be legalized, and why drugs should remain illegal.Drugs have been in use for centuries. They were first used regularly for patients in the 1800's and early 100's. Coca-Cola even used significant amounts of cocaine in its original recipe . Of course the Coca-Cola Company has since changed the recipe. The first laws against the sales of drugs in the United States were established in 10 . These laws made opium illegal. Some doctors got rich by prescribing drugs to whoever would buy them. As a result of these actions and the growing realization of the damage caused by drugs, most drugs were made illegal in 11 . Marijuana, one of the few drugs remaining legal became illegal in 17 . After becoming illegal, drugs became less popular, but in the 160's drugs popularity increased. More than half of those who served in Vietnam used drugs. By the year 16 at least 4 million kids under the age of 11 had tried drugs . Although most drugs are illegal some still remain legal. These drugs include alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine. Each year over 650,000 people die from the effects of alcohol and tobacco . This statistic is much larger than the number of people killed each year by illegal drugs. More people use tobacco than all illegal drugs combined. Twice as Wald

many people use alcohol as tobacco . Morphine is another drug which remains legal for medical purposes. It is used as a painkiller. Today more than one out of three Americans have tried illegal drugs. Americans consume half of the world's illegal drugs produced each year. More than 14 million Americans use these drugs regularly . The United States' government uses actions to lower drug usage. Every year the U.S. wipes out more illegal crops, laboratories, and seizes more drugs. They use programs like "Just Say No" as seen on television with the numerous commercials showing the effects of drugs. Also, through treatment people can be taken off drugs. To fund these actions, the U.S. government spends about 15 billion dollars a year while state governments spend hundreds of millions more . Each year laws become more restrictive and penalties bigger. On average non-violent drug offenders, meaning those caught with drugs that did not resist or hurt anyone, spend more time in jail than convicted murderers and rapist. Even with all these actions taken by the government, drug use has failed to fall in recent years and has actually risen. According to the Institute for Social Research at Michigan University in the last three years more teens are using marijuana. Today Drug usage is an extreme problem in the United States which is only getting worse.The thought of legalizing drugs scares many people, but are laws against drugs accomplishing much at all? Laws could create more problems than they solve. If there were no laws against drugs, then all crimes related to drugs would disappear, gangs, cartels, etc. Illegal drugs create the existence of a black market; legalizing drugs means the destruction of the black market. A wide range of people could be looking to legalize drugs. They could range from former hippies who want to legalize their marijuana plants so they can smoke a few joints, discouraged prosecutors who realize that the attempts to bust major drug cartels are pointless, custom officials who know they cannot guard over every mile of the border, neighbors who are tired of the crack dealers in their communities, civil libertarians who that think what people do with their bodies is none of the governments business, taxpayers who are tired of the footing the bill for the expensive war against drugs, or terminally ill patients who just want some drugs to ease their pain . Since the government enforces strict laws against drugs, the dealing of actual drugs is a very risky business. In Columbia an amount of cocaine worth 5,000 dollars is .Waldworth $100,000 in New York, according to law enforcement officials. With inflation rates as high as this a black market for drugs will always exist no matter how much effort is put to stop it. The profits are too great for some to ignore the opportunity. Like alcohol probation, drug probation may be futile. Alcohol, along with many other drugs, was made illegal in 11 beginning the period known as Prohibition. After authorities realized it was hopeless to keep alcohol illegal it was once again legalized in 1 . Between 11-1 violence surged through the trafficking of alcohol. People for legalization ask, "Since then how many people have been killed through the trafficking of alcohol?" They say cocaine is simply a replay of alcohol. Some people in law enforcement are afraid to speak out for legalization in fear of their careers being ruined. Joseph McNamara spent 0 years in the police force hunting down drug criminals and he argues that drugs cannot be stopped. Drugs occupy 400,000 officers a year, take 50% of courts' trial time, and offenders occupy 50% of available jail room . Since 181 New York has spent about 4 billion dollars on new prison cells, meaning hidden costs on the war against drugs exist . It cost an average of $0,000 a year to keep someone in prison. The most intensive rehabilitation programs cost only $0,000 a year . Why not decriminalize and encourage people to enter rehabilitation programs? People spend an estimated $75 billion a year on drugs. The government makes no money from that $75 billion spent on drugs and spends over $15 billion to prevent drugs . Why not legalize and tax drugs heavily so the bill for rehabilitating comes from the users of drugs and not all Americans? Officers estimate that 75% of crime is drug related in some way. With a cocaine addict spending around $1,000 a day on drugs he or she will most likely have to resort to stealing and/or violence to acquire his or her drugs. Legalization would bring lower prices, as there would no longer be a huge inflation rate, which would prevent these problems. Some drugs laced with chemicals can kill a user instantly. If legalization were to occur the government could monitor the drugs and prevent people from consuming harmful chemicals. Sharing needles used to shoot heroin causes 70% of HIV cases in Baltimore. The mayor introduced a needle exchange program costing $160,000 a year, but if only two people are saved from HIV from the program a year it has already more than paid for itself . Although this example is not one of legalization, it still greatly helps. A popular saying, Wald4"If you can't beat them, join them," relates closely to this topic. Crimes related to drugs number so high they cannot be counted. Whenever someone is killed in a gang shooting over territory no one thinks it is connected to drugs. Gangs survive on the profits from drugs. Any killings can eventually be traced back to drugs so legalization could prevent these deaths. No one can even put a figure to the number of lives legalization will save. Legalization does not promote drugs in any way. Supporters of legalization recognize that more than 14 million Americans use drugs regularly and it would be better for both drug users of illegal drugs and law abiding citizens, for drugs to be made legal.People fear that legalization would bring more deaths, overdoses, and impaired judgments, while drug related crimes would continue. People against legalization think more people will try drugs if they become legal. Then, as a result, more people will abuse them creating a society with even more drug addicts. If drugs were legal how could people be convinced that they are not O.K. Opponents to legalization point out that the law still prevents some law-obeying citizens from using drugs. Ninety percent of seniors in high school have tried alcohol and more than two thirds have tried cigarettes, both are legal in the United States. In contrast half of seniors have tried marijuana, fifteen percent have tried cocaine, and less than one percent have tried heroin . Making drugs legal will give teenagers easier access to the drugs. They could easily take their parent's supply or buy it from a friend who is over the age limit for purchasing drugs. Dr. Jack Homer from the University of Southern California predicts legalizing would create anywhere from 10- million cocaine addicts, a level 5 to 16 times greater than today. One argument to support that theory comes from the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. According to them, after alcohol became legal again consumption increased by 5%. If this were true then legalizing drugs would surely lead to much greater consumption. Although proponents of legalization argue that legalizing will lower crimes opponents argue that it will not help. They predict legalizing will not reduce crimes because people are on drugs when they commit crimes; not trying to acquire them. The Justice Department reports that six times as many homicides, four times as many assaults, and almost one and a half time as many robberies are committed under the influence of drugs as are committed to get the money to buy drugs. From statistics like this, opponents' arguments seem to be Wald5supported. Legalization opponents' counter arguments to having the drug legalized then taxing heavily are as follows the government collects $1 billion on taxes of cigarettes but ends up paying $75 billion in health care for people who smoke, the government collects $0 billion every year from alcohol, but pay out $40 billion for heath care for people using alcohol . Legalizing and taxing heavily would only hurt the government more. From the statistics of cigarettes and alcohol the price range from collection to distribution are not even close, the government takes huge hits. Why hurt the government financially even more? One of the strongest reasons not to legalize drugs is the effect it will have on families. If all families who have had abusive fathers or mothers who had been sent to jail were released havoc could result. Children would be resubmitted into harmful environments. No one should live with drug addicts. More people could turn to drugs as a solution to their problems creating more abusive environments. The end result would be the destruction of more families. Ninety-four percent of participants in a Gallup Organization poll thought drugs were a serious problem in today's society. Only fourteen percent favored legalization. The legalization of drugs presents both pros and cons while keeping drugs illegal presents the same problems. No real solution is perfect. In both situations someone is hurt; it is just a matter of which one is more. The debate over drugs essentially comes down to one's opinion. The legalization of medical marijuana has been approved in some states. Some steps in legalizing have occurred, but the complete legalization of drugs is far, far away. Until the topic is presented fairly to the public and everyone is educated about the legalization of drugs, it will never take place. Which side do you like more the dissipation of gangs and drug cartels along with their violence and less taxes or families not being torn apart and less drug users in the streets? 1. "Drug Legalization." Facts. 5 Jan. 001. May. 00. http//www.facts.com/ICOF/temp/186/tempi0101670.asp . Bennett, William. "Should Drugs be Legalized?" Reader's Digest. March.10.. Husak, Douglas. Drugs and Rights. New York Cambridge University Press, 1.4. Kirk, Jim and Wilson, Anne. "Drugs." Encyclopedia Americana. Danbury, CT Grolier Inc., 001.5. "Drug Legalization." Facts. 5 Jan. 001. May. 00. http//www.facts.com/ICOF/temp/186/tempi0101670.asp6. Terkel, Susan. Should Drugs be Legalized? New York, New York" Franklin Watts, 10. 7. "Update Drug Legalization." Facts. 7 Sep. 00. 7 May. 00. http//www.facts/IOCF/temp/188tempi0700780.asp8. "Drug Legalization." Facts. 5 Jan. 001. May. 00. http//www.facts.com/ICOF/temp/186/tempi0101670.asp. "Update Drug Legalization." Facts. 7 Sep. 00. 7 May. 00. http//www.facts/IOCF/temp/188tempi0700780.asp10. "Drug Legalization." Facts. 5 Jan. 001. May. 00. http//www.facts.com/ICOF/temp/186/tempi0101670.asp11. Kane, Joseph. "The Challenge of Legalizing drugs." America. Aug. 11. Jones, Neil. "The Problems of Drugs." Seattle Times. May. 00 A7.1. Miller, Richard. The Case for Legalization Drugs. United State Praeger, 11.14. Zeller, Paula. Focus on Marijuana. United States 1st Century Books, 10.15. "Drug Legalization." Facts. 5 Jan. 001. May. 00. http//www.facts.com/ICOF/temp/186/tempi0101670.asp16. "Update Drug Legalization." Facts. 7 Sep. 00. 7 May. 00. http//www.facts/IOCF/temp/188tempi0700780.asp17. Terkel, Susan. Should Drugs be Legalized? New York, New York" Franklin Watts, 10. 18.. "Drug Legalization." Facts. 5 Jan. 001. May. 00. http//www.facts.com/ICOF/temp/186/tempi0101670.asp Please note that this sample paper on Drug Legalization is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Drug Legalization, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Drug Legalization will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Susan B. Anthony: the Woman Behind the Coin

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When one thinks of Susan B. Anthony, the first thing that comes to one's mind is coins. But there is more to that hallowed name than just a coin, Susan B. Anthony was a mighty figure in the cause for women's suffrage. Her work is worth far more than a dollar, Susan B. Anthony's perseverance resulted in the betterment of society. Susan B. Anthony worked for true equality, one of the defining principals of American culture. Although Susan B. Anthony is most remembered for her accomplishments in the women's suffrage movement, her work was important in the progressive temperance movements. Susan B. Anthony was born to Daniel Anthony and Lucy Read Anthony on February 15, 1820 in Adams Massachusetts. She was brought up in a Quaker family with long activist traditions. Quakers, also known as the Society of Friends, lived simply and advocated equality, encouraging education for both males and females. 1 Due to her upbringing in a family deep rooted in Quaker values, Susan B. Anthony was blessed with opportunities most young women of her time did not have. She was educated in the schoolhouse her grandfather built, and her father wanted his children to have a strong education, this was extremely unusual in the early 1800s. Her father, Daniel Anthony believed in treating his children as equals, and encouraged them to voice their opinions. 2 In 1826, the Anthonys moved from Massachusetts to Battensville, New York, where Susan attended a district school. When the teacher refused to teach Susan long division, Susan was taken out of school and taught in a "home school" set up by her father. In Susan B. Anthony's childhood she detected injustices suffered by women, early in her life she developed a sense of justice and moral zeal. 3Years later, Susan B. Anthony's first involvement in the world of reform was in the temperance movement. 4 This was one of the first expressions of original feminism in the United States and it dealt with the abuses of women and children who suffered from alcoholic husbands. Anthony completed her schooling at the age of seventeen and began teaching school in New York state. 5 She was soon fired from this job after protesting her wage was one-fifth that of which her male colleagues earned. She went on to secure a better position as principal of the Girls' Department of the Canajoharie Academy a prominent school in upstate New York. This was her most influential job yet, and springboarded her into the temperance movement 6 In 1849, after having taught for more than ten years, Anthony began to focus her energies on social improvements and joined the local temperance society, only to be faced with inequality once again. While away from home, working at Canajoharie Academy, for the first time in her life, Susan B. Anthony was not living in a Quaker home. Her exposure to non-Quaker ways did not stifle the desire for equality instilled in her as a child, and she joined the Daughters of temperance in Canajoharie. 7 Distraught over the death of her cousin, however, Susan returned home to be with her family who now lived in Rochester. In Rochester, the Anthony farm had become a hotbed for activism, Susan was quickly attracted to the political discussion, and became an energetic leader for the Daughters of Temperance in Rochester. 8 Susan B. Anthony's leadership in the Daughters of Temperance Rochester chapter got her much deserved attention, she was always occupied with running fundraisers and organizing events for this popular cause. She was so successful, she soon became the Society's Traveling representative. During this time Susan met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, became fast friends and joined Stanton and Amelia Bloomer in progressive campaigns. 9

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At this point, temperance workers thought that radical change would become impossible because of a new law that had recently been passed in Maine. The law was directed against the traffic of alcohol, and it closed many of the loopholes in preexisting temperance laws. 10 The Maine law was different because its jurisdiction was statewide, where as most other temperance regulations of the time were local. 11 The law called for search and seizure warrants allowing for arrest if alcohol were found on a premise, and also stiffened penalties for violators. Reformers in New York tried to emulate the action taken in Maine to establish this law. Campaigning for the Maine law was Anthony's first experience in demanding legal change. Anthony and her cohorts gathered twenty-eight thousand signature on a petition demanding that New York pass the equivalent of the Maine law. She also organized a hearing before the New York legislature, the first time a delegation of women in America had ever carried their own demands before a legislative body. 12In 1849, Susan gave her first public speech for the Daughters of Temperance and then helped found the Woman's State Temperance Society of New York, one of the first organizations of its time. Susan was very outspoken on the issue of temperance, as she saw first hand how alcoholic husbands abused their wives. She criticized the temperance reformers. "They have done much, very much toward lessening the evil effects of the abomination, but they have for the most part failed to strike a death blow at the root of evil." 13 As an outstanding member of the Daughter's of Temperance in New York, she earned the respect of men in the movement. In 1852 Susan was invited to a Son's of Temperance convention in Albany. At the convention, Susan proceeded to express her own opinions, but the men asked her to remain silent, stating; "the sisters were not invited here to speak, but to listen and learn. 14 Had the sisters worked all year long only to sit quietly? Susan B. Anthony stormed out of the meeting hall, dissatisfied and disgusted with a new perspective. After the incident at the Son's of Temperance convention in Albany, Susan knew that women needed to be treated with equality in order to accomplish anything. Susan B. Anthony was convinced by her work for temperance that women needed the vote if they were to influence public affairs. 15 Although her campaigning for temperance was successful, Susan realized more had to be done to assure women a proper and just position in society. With experienced gained in her work in the temperance movement, Susan was a natural leader in the woman's rights and suffrage movements. 16Anthony worked energetically on women's rights causes, she advocated dress reform for women. She cut her hair and wore the bloomer costume for a year before ridicule convinced her it detracted from the causes she supported. 17 In 1853, Anthony began to campaign for women's property rights in New York state, speaking at meetings, collecting signatures for petitions, and lobbying the state legislature. 18 In 1860, largely as the result of her efforts, the New York State Married Women's Property Bill became law, allowing married women to own property, keep their own wages, and have custody of their children. 19 During this time Anthony became more involved with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, another women who shared Susan's radical views on women's rights. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton also campaigned for more liberal divorce laws in New York. 20 Also regarding Women's rights, in 1869 Anthony persuaded the Workingwomen's Association in New York to investigate the case of Hester Vaughn, a poor working woman accused of murdering her illegitimate child. Vaughn was pardoned, and Anthony used the case to point out the different moral standards expected of men and women and the need for women jurors to ensure a fair trial. 21In 1866 Anthony and Stanton founded the American Equal Rights Association and in 1868 they started publishing the newspaper The Revolution in Rochester, with the masthead "Men their rights, and nothing more; women, their rights, and nothing less," and the aim of establishing "justice for all". 22In 1869 the suffrage movement split. Anthony was regarded as one of the more radical members of the suffrage movement, she and her associates called for a Constitutional amendment, whereas most of the women were more conservative. Anthony pleaded for national action in an address to an audience at the American convention in Cleveland, stating: "Our fathers undertook to elevate all men in the shape of manhood to an equality; and women must not cease to demand a Sixteenth amendment of the Constitution, giving suffrage to all conditions of men and women. I ask of this convention, at this early stage, not only to demand the favorable action of state legislatures, but of Congress. I care not if this association shall crush out the organization of which I am a member" 23 Most women thought women's suffrage would gain more ground if they campaigned for a program where the states would grant a woman's right to vote on a individual basis. Anthony and Stanton's National Association continuing to campaign for a constitutional amendment, and the American Woman Suffrage Association adopting a strategy of getting the vote for women on a state-by-state basis. Wyoming became the first territory to give women the vote in 1869. Aside from the differing strategies of the American and National associations, there were other fundamental political difference that set them apart from each other. Anthony's National Association was open to all, anyone who paid a dollar to join and then attended meetings held a voice and a vote. The American association was organized on a delegate basis, members had to be elected from local suffrage organizations. With a minimal organization structure, the National could be regarded as a more grass roots movement. In strategy, organizational style and goals, Anthony's reformers charted a different path from the conservative women 23In the 1870s Anthony campaigned vigorously for women's suffrage on speaking tours in the West. Anthony, three of her sisters, and other women were arrested in Rochester in 1872 for voting. Anthony refused to pay her streetcar fare to the police station because she was "traveling under protest at the government's expense". 24 She was arraigned with other women and election inspectors in Rochester Common Council chambers. She refused to pay bail and applied for habeas corpus, but her lawyer paid the bail, keeping the case from the Supreme Court. She was indicted in Albany, and the Rochester District Attorney asked for a change of venue because a jury might be prejudiced in her favor. At her trial in Canandaigua in 1873 the judge instructed the jury to find her guilty without discussion. He fined her $100 and made her pay courtroom fees, but did not imprison her when she refused to pay, therefore denying her the chance to appeal. 25In 1877, Anthony gathered petitions from 26 states with 10,000 signatures, but Congress laughed at them. She appeared before every congress from 1869 to 1906 to ask for passage of a suffrage amendment. Between 1881 and 1885 Anthony, Stanton and Matilda Joslin Gage collaborated on and published the History of Woman Suffrage. The last volume, edited by Anthony and Ida Husted Harper, was published in 1902. 26In 1887 the two women's suffrage organizations merged as the National American Woman Suffrage Association with Stanton as president and Anthony as vice-president. Anthony became president in 1892 when Stanton retired. Anthony campaigned in the West in the 1890s to make sure that territories where women had the vote were not blocked from admission to the Union. She attended the International Council of Women at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago 27In 1900, at age 80, Anthony retired as President of NAWSA. In 1904 Anthony presided over the International Council of Women in Berlin and became honorary president of Carrie Chapman Catt's International Woman Suffrage Alliance. 28Susan B. Anthony died in 1906 at her home on Madison Street in Rochester. All American adult women finally got the vote with the Nineteenth Amendment, also known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, in 1920. 29 End Notes1. Kathleen Berry, Susan B. Anthony : A Biography of a Singular Feminist (New York: New York University Press, 1988), 18-21.2. Carrie Chapman Catt, Woman Suffrage and Politics; the Inner Story of The Suffrage Movement (Washington: University of Washington,1926), 5-9.(Meyers 20-31).3. Sara Hunter Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy (New Haven, CT : Yale University, 1996), 40.4.Kristina Dumbeck, Leaders of Women's Suffrage (San Diego: Lucent Books, 2001), 55.5. G. Thomas Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds : The Northwest Suffrage Campaigns of Susan B. Anthony (Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1990), 55-57.6. Berry, 25-30.7. Catt, 58-59. 8. Berry, 31-33.9. Madeleine Meyers, Forward into Light : the Struggle for Woman's Suffrage (Lowell, Mass: Discovery Enterprises, 1994), 44.10. Doris Stevens, Jailed for freedom : American Women Win the Vote (Troutdale: NewSage Press: 1971), 77.11. Pamela Levin, Susan B. Anthony (New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1993), 23-2512. Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote : the Contested History of Democracy in the United States. (New York : Basic Books, 2000), 10413. Barry, 69.14. Meyers, 33-34.15. Elna C. Green, Southern Strategies : Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 54.16. Barry, 77-79.17. Dumbeck, 101.18. Stevens, 33.19. Graham, 44-45.20. Barry, 122-124.21. Levin, 91.22. Barry, 212.23. Ibid., 212-213.24. Keyssar, 211.25. Levin, 95-96.26. Barry, 277.27. Levine, 97.28. Berry, 105.29. Levine, 108.Works CitedBarry, Kathleen Susan B. Anthony : a Biography of a Singular Feminist New York : New York University Press, 1988.Catt, Carrie Chapman. Woman Suffrage and Politics; the Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement Washington: University of Washington,1926.Dumbeck, Kristina. Leaders of Women's Suffrage. San Diego: Lucent Books, 2001Edwards, G. Thomas. Sowing Good Seeds : The Northwest Suffrage Campaigns of Susan B. Anthony . Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1990.Graham, Sara Hunter. Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy. New Haven, CT : Yale University, 1996.Green, Elna C. Southern Strategies : Southern women and the woman suffrage question Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997.Keyssar, Alexander. The Right to Vote : the Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York : Basic Books, 2000.Levin, Pamela. Susan B. Anthony New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1993.Meyers, Madeleine. Forward into Light : the Struggle for Woman's Suffrage. Lowell, Mass: Discovery Enterprises, 1994.Pankhurst, Estelle Sylvia. The Suffragette; History of Women's Militant Suffrage Movement, 1905-1910. Convent Garden: Source Book, 1911.Stevens, Doris. Jailed for freedom : American Women Win the Vote. Troutdale: NewSage Press: 1971 Please note that this sample paper on Susan B. Anthony: the Woman Behind the Coin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Susan B. Anthony: the Woman Behind the Coin, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Susan B. Anthony: the Woman Behind the Coin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Japan

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Japan. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Japan paper right on time.

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Japan is a country that consists of four main islands and thousands of smaller ones (Allinson ). The country's independence was gained in 660 B.C. ("Japan-General Information" ). The name "Japan" originated from the Italian name, "Zipangu", given by Marco Polo (Allinson ). It has the fifth largest population in the world with more than eighty-nine million people (Yelen 5). Japan's inhabitants call it "Nippon" or "Nihon", which means source of the sun (Allinson ). Japan is a country that reflects culture of both the east and west. Japan is located in the North Pacific Ocean. Japanese society began when people from parts of Asia migrated to the islands of Japan (5). Many of the ancestors came in waves through the Korean Peninsula, while others may have ventured from islands south of Japan. By 10,000 B.C. people who fished and gathered fruit and plants for food, were on the islands. This early culture was known as "Jomon", which means cord-marked. These individuals began the Japanese language that is still spoken today ("Japan-General..." ). The land in Japan is considered to have beautiful scenery. The jagged peaks, rocky gorges, and thundering mountains are some of the spectacular sceneries (Allinson 45). Seventy percent of the Japan is composed of mountains and hills (45). Many of the mountains are as high as two thousand meters above seal level (Yelen 1). Mt Fuji, the highest mountain, is an example of this. Mt Fuji towers three thousand three hundred seventy-three meters above sea level (Yelen 1). Extensive plains are few in Japan, but ones that do exist serve great economic importance as they provide much food supply. The coastline is about seventeen thousand one hundred fifty miles long (Yelen 1). Japan has several short, swift rivers that cross its' rugged surface (Allinson 45). These waters are used to irrigate farmland, and the rapid falls supply power for hydroelectric plants (Allinson 45). Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu are the four main islands that make up Japan (Yelen 1). These islands are abound with earthquakes and volcanoes both active and dormant(Yelen 1). Japan is located on an unstable part of the earth's crust (Allinson 45). The country has about one thousand five hundred earthquakes per year ("Japan-General..." ). However, most of these earthquakes are minor and cause little damage (Allinson 45). Japan has more than one hundred fifty volcanoes and about sixty are active (Yelen 1).The climate in Japan varies from tropical weather in the south to cool temperature in the north ("Japan-General..." ). The island Honshu has warm, humid summers with mild winters toward the south and cold snowy winters in the north (Allinson 48). Hokkaido has cool summers and extremely cold winters. Kyushu and Shikoku have long summers and mild winters. The above climates are affected by monsoons and precipitation. Monsoons bring cold air to the northern areas of Japan. Precipitation occurs in all seasons (4). Rainfall is heavy with forty to one hundred inches annually throughout Japan (Yelen 1).

With regards to its government, Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government (Allinson ). The government is based on the constitution that took effect in 147 ("History" 5), giving several rights to the people (Allinson ). Some of these include freedom of religion, speech, and press. In addition, the constitution established three branches of government, the judicial, legislative, and executive. In the national government, the emperor, who inherits his throne, is a symbol of the nation. He performs ceremonial duties, but has no real power to govern. The Diet is the highest law making body in Japan. It consists of two houses the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. The House of Representatives has more power and is made up of four hundred eighty members ( Allinson ). The House of Councillors has two hundred fifty-two members (Allinson ). All members of the Diet elect the Prime Minister, who must be a civilian. The Prime Minister leads the government and selects members of the cabinet to govern the country. The local government is divided into forty-seven political units called prefectures (Allinson 5). The residents in the prefecture elect a governor and representative to a legislative assembly. The residents also elect the mayor and local council (Allinson 5). The judicial system of Japan differs from that of the United States ("Courts" 1). Japan has a unitary court system. There are no separate federal, state, county, and municipal systems as in the U.S ("Courts" 1). The largest court is the supreme court (Allinson 5). It is led by a chief justice, who the emperor appoints, and fourteen associate justices that are appointed by the cabinet ("Courts" 1). The supreme court oversees training of Japan's judges and attorneys (Allinson 5). The court sits either as a full court or in divisions ("Courts" 1). The full court listens to constitutional cases for which there are no precedents ("Courts" 1). There are eight regional courts and fifty district courts (Allinson 5). The district courts are courts of first instance for both cruel and criminal matters ("Courts" 1). The family courts handle domestic cases, such as, juvenile crimes, divorces, and family property dispute ("Courts 1). However, compared to the United States, Japan is less likely to use their courts to decide disputes ("Courts" 1). One of the world's number one economic giants is Japan (Allinson ). Japan's economy is dependent on foreign trade (Ward ). The United States is the only country whose economic output exceeds Japans. Japan has some of the most advanced equipment in the world (Allinson ). The country's manufacturing products range from tiny computer components to ocean going ships (4). Therefore, the manufacturing sector plays a major role in economy. The industries employ more than twenty percent of the labor force and generates twenty-five percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) (4). The important part of Japan's manufacturing sector is known as the large-firm sector. The large-firms assemble parts and components then sell the products significantly higher than the cost of the components. In addition, another part of the manufacturing sector consists of thousands of small factories. These smaller factories are responsible for making the components. Construction also plays a major role in Japan's economy. Construction consists of several giant national firms, hundreds of medium sized regional firms, and thousands of small local firms. It employs ten percent of the labor force and generates ten percent of the GDP (4). The industry began to grow after World War II. The main reason was that firms were needed to rebuild Japan's demolished cities. Then, the nations growing economy brought a demand for offices, roads, harbors, and several other needs. Today, the construction firms in Japan spend most of their time building huge hotels, and handle projects in Asia, United Kingdom, and United States (4). Despite Japan's economic power, it is poor in many aspects (Ward 6). Japan has few natural resources, therefore, it suffers in food deficiency (Allinson ). In the 150s, the agricultural sector employed forty-five percent of the labor force (4). Unfortunately, as the industries grew, the importance of agriculture declined. By the mid 100s, farmers made less than six percent of the labor force and produced less than two percent of the GDP. One reason for this is that Japan is covered by mountains and only fifteen percent of the land can be cultivated (4). Japanese society imposes strong expectations on women and men (41). Women are usually married in their mid 0s and soon after become mothers. The role of a woman is to attend to the needs of her husband and children. They also play a dominant role in the family finances. However, a majority of the women in Japan obtain a job at one time or another. Usually a woman will have a job before they are married or after her children are in school and grown. Unfortunately, female employees have a low income and very few benefits. The men in Japan have one basic role and that is to support his family. At work they receive family allowances. These gender roles are accepted by most of the society, although today these roles are beginning to change among the young women. Women now postpone marriage until their late 0s and early 0s. Furthermore, they are reluctant to give up a job or income (41). Clothing worn in Japan is similar to that in western Europe (). The well-to-do people wear designer made garments, opposed to the majority of people who wear moderately priced clothing (). For instance, a business man wears a dark suit, white shirt, conservative tie, black shoes, and dark woolen overcoat for winter. The young men will sometimes wear patterned sports coats and colorful ties. The clothing worn by a typical man who is not at work is different from one who is. Men at home will wear slacks with a casual shirt and sweater. A woman who is employed wears a skirt and blouse to the office. On the other hand, a women without a job will dress in moderately priced dresses or blouses with skirts or slacks. Fine jewelry and silk scarves are worn also. During special occasions people will wear kimonos (). The kimono originated in the 7th century ("A Brief History of Japanese Clothing" 1). The word kimono means "thing to wear". The kimono is a long, narrow, obi-tied silhouetten (1). The kimono is worn with sandals called "zori" (Allinson ). The food variety in Japan differs from that in the United States. The Japanese word for meal is "gohan" ("Japanese Food" 1). While at home, families eat traditional Japanese food (Allinson ). A traditional serving includes the main dish, fish or meat, and some kind of side dish, vegetable soup or pickled vegetables ("Japanese Food" ). Most importantly, families drink tea and eat rice with almost every meal (Allinson ). Younger people in the family, unlike their elders, eat fewer traditional foods. The children eat more beef, chicken, pork, fruit, and cheese than their parents. Instead of rice children prefer bread, donuts, and toast. As a result of the children's food habits they take in more protein and fat. Therefore, nowadays, the children are three to four inches taller (40). Before eating a Japanese family will say, "itadakimasu" this means, "I receive this food" ("Japanese Food" 1). This thanks whoever worked to prepare the food in the meal. The Japanese eat their meal in a sequence. They begin by eating the main dish. Afterwards, they eat some rice then sip soup straight from the bowl. The remainder of the rice is saved for at then end of the meal to eat with pickled vegetables. Finally after devouring their meal the people express feelings by saying, "Gochiso sama deshita" which translates, "it was quite a feast" (1). Japanese people enjoy a variety of activities in their leisure time. They are energetic sports enthusiasts (Allinson 40). They enjoy sports such as baseball, sumo wrestling, bowling, golf, gymnastics, tennis, swimming, and a popular sport known as kendo. Kendo is a Japanese form of fencing with a bamboo or wooden stick used for a sword. In addition to sports, hobbies are another important leisure time activity for men and women. Some of these hobbies include tea serving ceremonies, chanting medieval ballads, and flower arranging. Everyone in Japanese society engages in some religious belief (40). Shintoism, Buddhism, and Christianity are three major religions (Yelen 17). Shintoism is Japan's indigenous cult (17). It is a native religion of Japan that dates back to the prehistoric times (Allinson 40). Individuals who practice Shintoism worship the royal as well as family ancestors (Yelen 17). They also worship gods found in mountains, rivers, rocks, trees, and other parts of nature (Allinson 40). Being a state religion, Shintoism stresses patriotism. Everyone in the Japanese society performs some type of Shinto ritual. They visit shrines to offer fruit, prayer, and other gifts to the Gods. In return, for the gifts given, they may ask for favors. For instance, they may ask for a safe child birth or success on a health examination (40). Buddhism is another frequently practiced religion. It was introduced around the middle of the sixth century (Yelen 17). Buddhism is a more elaborate belief compared to Shintoism (Allinson 41). It offers a more complicated view of gods, life, and death. In Buddhism death is prepared for through meditation because it is seen as a rebirth ("History" 5). Once an individual passes away the body is washed, rituals are performed over it, a wake is held, and then the body is typically cremated (5). In Buddhism an individual tries to obtain perfect peace by leading a life of virtue and wisdom (Allinson 41).A small amount of people in Japan are Christians (41). Christianity was introduced to Japan by St. Francis Xavier in 154 (Yelen 17). Individuals who are Christians worship a higher power known as God. It is a respected religion because of its contributions to society ("Christianity" 1). Today there are seven thousand six hundred places Christians can go to worship in Japan (1). Unfortunately, only one percent of the population is Christian (1). In spite of the small amount of Christians, several of their customs have become popular among the non-Christian population. For example, many people wear white dresses at weddings and celebrate holidays such as Christmas and Valentine's Day (1). about the history of japan Please note that this sample paper on Japan is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Japan, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Japan will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The invasion of the body snatchers

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Science fiction film stands out as a major catalyst of the anxiety and paranoia that was apparent in the United States in the 150's. 150's America was a ticking time bomb people read daily about the threat of a communist takeover and the end of the world as a result of nuclear war. A specific type of science fiction film became popular in the 150's, the 'alien invasion' film. The paranoiac themes of these films provided the framework through which post-war anxieties about altered and 'invaded' bodies could find expression. Don Siegel's Invasion of the Body Snatchers did just that; it was a 'social'-science fiction film that explored the invisible yet psychologically unbearable fears that penetrated America in the fifties. The following essay will discuss The Invasion of the Body Snatchers as a metaphor for fifties America; it was a film that intensified the issues of communism and atomic radiation, which were the paramount factors of anxiety and paranoia at that time. The threat of communism was inescapable in America in the 150's. Communism was seen as a disease, a form of alien-mind control, and because of political figures like Joseph McCarthy, many Americans began to fear that their friends and relatives were imposters, communists who had made their way into society to start a takeover. People were not what they seemed; they were always just about to betray you. Americans were brainwashed into believing that the problems within their country were coming from an alien force. The United States became a communist infiltration center witch-hunts were launched throughout America, including in Hollywood in 151-15. Anyone was a suspect. The Red Scare was something that Siegel naturalized beautifully in Invasion of the Body Snatchers. The film portrayed the invasion of alien life as a parallel to the fear of U.S. politicians during the 150's; the fear that communism was actually a better ideology. Invasion of the Body Snatchers is a prime example of the paranoiac view of the 'enemy within', the enemy that penetrated into the very heart of American society in the 150's the small suburban town. The film is set in Santa Mira, which is a small suburban town in California. Siegel's choice of setting is no accident and his message is clear there is no place to hide. An alien force that takes over its victims, producing mysterious replicates, invades the apparently safe environment of an American small town. This was the mindset of many American small towns in the fifties at any moment the communists could strike anywhere, and anyone was a suspect, even the authorities. In fact, in Invasion of the Body Snatchers, it is the authorities, the very people that citizens look to for protection, who are leading the misinformation campaign. The notion that 'anyone is a suspect' is something that Siegel establishes in the film right from the beginning. The very first scene of the film has the character of Miles concealed in a hospital room as his doctor brings in a psychiatrist. When the psychiatrist enters, Miles immediately asks, "who are you?" This immediately signifies to the audience the extreme paranoia of Miles' character. This was a common trend in the 150's; a feeling that anyone could be trying to conceal his or her true identity, anyone could be a communist. Miles even jokes with Becky, his love interest in the film, about the mass paranoia of the time "Maybe I clown around too much, but pretty soon my patients won't trust me to prescribe aspirin for them" (Siegel). Later, when the pods are discovered in Jack's greenhouse, Miles attempts to call the FBI for help. The FBI is seen in the film as the only stable authority that could re-establish order (at the end of the film when the doctor believes Miles' story he immediately reaches for the phone to call the FBI, who will undoubtedly save the day). Miles phones the operator, and just before reaching her he states "If they've taken over the telephone office we're dead". This implies that even places, which symbolize control in American society, could be infested with communists. If a place like the telephone office is infected, then all hope is lost. In addition to suspecting that anyone was capable of communist ties, Americans also feared that there was a secret communist congregation within the country. It was conceived that this congregation was planning to overthrow the government. People were afraid of being forced to embrace this congregation, which Siegel makes quite apparent in his film. When Jimmy, a little boy who is scared to go home to his mother, visits Miles he is hysterical; he rants and raves, "don't let her get me!" and "she's not my mother!" This symbolizes the severe paranoia that communists were in fact going to get you, and there was nothing you could do about it. As aforementioned, there was a tremendous suspicion in the fifties that secret communist meetings were taking place all over the country. This is illustrated brilliantly in Invasion of the Body Snatchers. When Miles attempts to contact Sally, his assistant, he drives to her house and discovers a secret assembly of the 'invaded' townspeople in her living room. His worst fear has come true those he once trusted are now mindless zombies ready to take over the entire town. Suddenly the camera pans to reveal a police officer that hypnotically states "Why don't you go in Miles. We've been waiting for you". This scene reinforces the fear that communists were 'waiting' for Americans to 'join' them. Many Americans believed that secret meetings between communists were taking place, and that eventually these meetings would lead to a takeover of the American government. There was a fear that more and more people were joining the communist alliance; they just couldn't resist. Miles obviously does resist, and towards the end of the film, the whole town is possessed and in mad pursuit of the two 'humans' left, the only two that will not conform, Miles and Becky. In a way the film flips its perspective; the pod people have become a traditional American lynch mob whereas the humans have now become the demonized communists. But before the lynch mob of invaders comes together in pursuit of the two unwilling humans, Miles and Becky experience the final realization that the whole town is under invasion. From Miles' office, they see the rustle and bustle of a regular Saturday morning, but something is not right. Then it dawns on Miles that it is much too early in the morning for the town to be so busy. The camera closes in on the grassy island in the middle of the street as all of the townspeople, who seemed to be going about their regular business, gather to await instructions. Numerous pod trucks arrive and robotic orders are barked out, permitting everyone to go to a truck that corresponds to a family in one of the surrounding towns. This scene is one of the best in the film because it subtly yet effectively exemplifies one of the greatest fears of the American people in the 150's; the communists were here and they would eventually win. The film's producer, Walter Wanger, insisted that the picture was about "conformity" and "how easy it is for people to be taken over and lose their souls". Another factor of excessive paranoia in the fifties was the threat of nuclear war. There was tremendous anxiety in America upon the realization that in an atomic world collective extinction, with virtually no warning, was possible. The development and eventual use of the atomic bomb created, quite possibly, the most widespread paranoia in America in the 150's. After seeing the effects of atomic radiation on the people of Hiroshima, Americans began to fear radiation contamination. People began to construct bomb shelters, and in an attempt to downplay the fear of radiation, the government created propaganda films that emphasized the potential for nuclear power. General Groves of the American navy remarked that anyone exposed to radiation "simply took a vacation and in due time became all right again". However, other information was alerting the American public to the idea that radiation was an invisible enemy, a silent killer that was inescapable. This is well expressed in Invasion of the Body Snatchers. Siegel allegorizes an America that is being poisoned and transformed in its sleep in the safety of suburbia (as aforementioned, Invasion of the Body Snatchers was set in Santa Mira, a small suburban town in California. Although many Americans found security in small towns, many were aware that California was a regular test ground for the atomic bomb). The invaders represent not just the fear of nuclear war, but also the fear of invisible radiation contamination. The transformation between human to pod is invisible in Siegel's film on purpose; he wishes to install a fear in the audience of what they cannot see. The replicate body that is found at Jack's house is unformed, there are no visible features present, or perhaps the features have been radiation-burned beyond recognition (in Hiroshima, many radiation burn victims were burned so badly that they were thought to be aliens). Miles even speculates at the beginning of the film, when the pods are discovered at Jack's house, that the invaders may be linked to radiation "So much has been discovered these past few years, anything is possible. They may be the results of atomic radiation". And earlier in the film, when Miles inquires about the cause of the mass hysteria in Santa Mira, Dr. Kaufman answers, "worry about what's going on in the world, probably". Siegel is signifying the idea that such an unusual occurrence was expected in the post-war period and that radiation contamination was a fear most Americans had to deal with. As the opening titles of the film appear over rolling clouds, Siegel forces us to ask ourselves, 'are those regular clouds, or are they radioactive?' Later in the film, Miles is shocked to hear Dr. Kaufman's explanation of the invasion, and he reluctantly replies, "so that's how it began, out of the sky". These scenes symbolize the intense paranoia of the threat of atomic radiation in the fifties; America was constantly peering up into the sky, looking for atomic bombs that were about to be dropped and mushroom clouds that were about to be formed.

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One of the greatest fears associated with atomic radiation in the 150's was the loss of manhood. Atomic radiation threatened the body on many levels, but the main concern was that male sexuality would be altered and reproductive ability would be lost. Many soldiers in the American navy were forced to endure high doses of radiation to prove their manhood (in many instances this would involve sleeping in one's shorts on the contaminated decks of ships). Anyone who complained about the threat of contamination was seen as effeminate. This has a direct parallel to the character of Miles in Invasion of the Body Snatchers. Miles' character is associated with a marginalized, feminine position; he is extremely concerned with the well being of the town. In fact the only person that sticks by him, almost until the end, is a woman, which is his lover, Becky. Miles is also associated with a certain degree of romanticism in the film. At the beginning of the film he reassures Becky that by kissing her he will be able to determine whether or not she is an invader. Then, towards the end of the film, while Miles and Becky are hiding out in the caves on the edge of town, they hear romantic music. Upon hearing the music, Becky replies, "Perhaps we're not the only ones left who know what love is". Miles proceeds to investigate the source of music, and he leaves Becky behind in the caves. When he discovers that it is just a trick, he rushes back to Becky and they continue their journey towards the highway. However, as they are running Becky trips, causing Miles to fall on top of her. Miles passionately kisses Becky, but realizes that she is invaded; she has fallen asleep. This is the only way Miles can discover if Becky is one of them; he must use his romantic senses to find out if she has been invaded. Miles' romantic nature is also apparent earlier in the film, when he and Becky discover that the entire town has been invaded "Only when we fight to stay human do we realize how precious it is to us, as you are to me". The film portrays the invaders as asexual beings, incapable of love, and the humans as romantic, sexually charged beings. Many men in the fifties were ashamed of being recognized as romantics, and romanticism was something that was associated with radiation contamination. The fear was that if one was exposed to enough radiation their sexuality may change, leaving them an outcast in society. Also many men feared that they would lose their sexual drive if they were exposed to radiation. But of course, as aforementioned, there were many men who considered these fears to be myths, and it was those men who came to the conclusion that a fear of radiation contamination had a feminine effect on one's manhood.The original ending for the film, which had Miles running through the street in a hysterical attempt to warn his fellow citizens, installed a powerful fear of radiation contamination. Miles rants and raves, "you're in danger", while people brush him off as another nut who has had one too many drinks. This was the mindset of a lot of Americans in the 150's; they didn't want to believe that the threat of atomic radiation was possible, so they brushed it off as a fairy tale, a myth that only crazy people and drunks believed in. Finally, Miles discovers a truck that is transporting pods to another town and he reluctantly accepts his fate, as the camera pulls in for an extreme close-up "They're already here. You're next". Anyone could be affected by atomic radiation at any time because it was an invisible phenomenon that could manifest itself anywhere. No one was safe and the threat of a nuclear war was inevitable; a certainty Americans did not want to accept.Invasion of the Body Snatchers was a film that explored the paranoia of post-war America. There was always the notion in the fifties that nothing was what it seemed. The American public was frightfully paranoid of the suspicious activity within the country. This secret activity threatened the strength of American democracy, for it could involve anyone, anywhere, at any time. Even relatives and neighbors were suspects; nobody really knew what was going on behind their backs. Furthermore, no one was safe from the invisible enemy, the enemy that lurked silently and perilously within the very air that was being breathed. People would never know that this invisible enemy infected them, until it was too late. It was a time of severe anxiety, and films that empathized with the fears of that era fascinated the American people. Above all, social-science fiction films of the 150's intensified the unbearable psychological fears that faced Americans. Invasion of the Body Snatchers was just one of many examples in which post-war anxieties were heightened to a new level of extreme paranoia, a level that captivated yet terrified American audiences. Please note that this sample paper on the invasion of the body snatchers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the invasion of the body snatchers, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on the invasion of the body snatchers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Epilepsy

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Epilepsy is a very serious illness that all should be aware of. Although most are treatable by medicine we must know what the person feels when they are going through this ordeal. We must also know when a person is going to have a seizure so that we can give the proper help need in case of a medical emergancy. Although it isnot life threatening it can be scary, not only for those we are watching, but for the epileptic themselves.When we talk about seizures we mean there is an unorganized discharge of electricity in the brain from many nerve cells (Svoboda, 17). This activity normally happens in the cerebral cortex, or the top layers of nerves of the crebrum. To maintain conscious control over ons self there has to be some kind of organized activity in the brain.Epilepsy comes from the Greek word meaning to seize upon. Another meaning fromthe Greek word is to be grabbed hold of or thrown down; to attack; to seie hold of (Svoboda, 17, P.). Schneider and Conrad (18) say, when someone is seized by a convulsion, he or she typically falls to the ground, displays contorted bodily movements, makes grunting noises, salivates uncontrollably and loses consciousness. (p. ). Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes said, If I wished to show a student the difficulties of getting a truth from medical experience I would give them the history of epilepsy to read (quoted in Lennox and Lennox, 160 1).When a person is having a seizure, he or she may experience not only a loss of consciousness, but sensation, strength, and coordination; these seizure can affect the epileptic in all degrees, such as only staring or going into a Grand Mal seizure (Lechtenburg, 184). Another word used for seizures is a force; all different things have described this force. Some of these things have been related to religious factors of that particular time. It has been related to the Devil, to other gods, spirits or another realm, and an imbalance of bodily fluids such as phlegm, blood, and water.

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During a Grand Mal, or Tonic-Clonic seizure, a person falls to the ground and has violent spasms throught the body. They are also known to gnash teeth, salivate, urinate, and/or defecate. After the seizure he or she may want to rest or sleep for the rest of the day because of the violent spasms making them dreadfully tired. Before one of these seizures occurs, there is normally an aura that will help warn when the epileptic that they are about to have a seizure. These auras can contain many different signs such as uncontrolled moving the head to the left and right, being demanding, pouring liquid in and out of containers, or drinking an unusual amount of water. During the aura, the epileptic is usually conscious and can take appropriate action if given enough time. This action may be to find a hiding place or it may be to lie down or to get comfortable. There are times when this aura only lasts a few moments before the actual seizure happens. These seizures described by the epileptics are defined as something magical or mythical being helpless in the hands of something, overwhelmed, hit on the head, our of control, and floating off someplace. Grand Mal seizures is the most common type of seizure with 50% of epileptics having them (Schneider & Conrad, 18).There are other types of seizures that are known to us, such as Petit Mal Seiures, meaning little seizures. And they may include a stare with very little movements or no movement (Svoboda, 17). These seizures are also described as being away or distant. Petit Mal usually only lasts for a few minutes, they sometimes only occur for only a few seconds. They may include some of the following a stare, preoccupied glance, timely blinking, small muscle spasms, lip smacking, chewing and picking at the clothes or at the body. This type of seizure is the second most common seizure with 5% of epileptics having them (Schneider & Conrad, 18). Other types of seizures are psychomotor seizure, seizures that have to do with odd behavior and odd movements. Akinetic seizures where the epileptic tends to just fall to the ground in the middle of what he or she might be doing at the present moment (Svoboda, 17).There are three myths to Epilepsy. The first myth is that Epilepsy is a heareditary disease. Epilepsy is not a disease it is a chronic illness. It is not hereditary (Schneider & Conrad, 18). Although the fact that it is a chronic illness. It is not hereditary is still being debated by many doctors that study this illness. There are many times when Epilepsy can be misdiagnosed for something else by mistake. In the book, Epilepsy and the Family by Richard Lechtenbergh, M.D. (184) it shows a few of the most common diseases that are wrongly diagnosed, such as Phenylketonuria (PKU), a very treatable infant blood disease, Turbeous Sclerosis, Neurofibromatosis, and Huntington Disease. It has also been known to think that epilepsy was a symptom of Schizophrenia (Caplan, Arbelle, Guthrie, Komo, Shields, Hanson & Sirichai, 17).The second myth about Epilepsy is that it leads to mental illness. This myth comes from the past when they said that Epilepsy was goverend from the moon and that it caused the epilptic to change moods into such things as psychopathology and mental disorders. In fact there are very few findings that epileptics are mentally disabled. There are studies that show that when a child has a seizure at a young age he or she may have some problems with the fact that they can have a lower IQ than other children (Caplan, Arbelle, Guthrie, Komo, Sheilds, Hansen & Sirichai, 17), The third and final myth is that epilepsy leads to a life of anger and crime. This myth goes back to the second myth because when they were difining inmates of some prisons they said that they were epileptic and that when a person becomes a chronic epileoptic that they have tendencies out of their control and can be pshycopaths and cause inhumane acts like that of killing or hurting someone (Schneider & Conrad, 18).There are several different treatments for Epilepsty; the most common as of right not are Anticonvulsants. These are drugs in which a doctor prescribes for a patient, they have to take it regularly or they will again have seizures. Some of the different Anticonvulants that are out there do have their side effects and they must be taken properly for the full treatment to work properly. Some of the most poplular drugs to use areTegretol (Carbamazepine), this drus is for treating partial seizure. Some of the possible side effects of this drug are dizziness, drowsiness, unsteadiness, and nausea. If it is a higher dosage the patient may have some more serious side effects such as double vision, headache unsteady walking, or decreased sodium levels in your blood. There have been a few rare cases of liver problems.Dilantin (Phenytoin) is for use with grand mal seizures. Dilntin can cause imbalance, slurred speech, decreased coordination, mental confusion, dizziness, nervousness, skin rashes, gum problems, and hair growth.Topomax (topiramate) is used for adults with complex seizure disorder. As with almost all of the anticonvulsants the most side effects are sleepiness, dizziness, poor coordination, slowed movements, and sleep tingle feeling in the hands and feet. It has also been known to cause glaucoma, speech disorders, moodiness, depression, nervousness, and jerky eye movements.Phenobarbital is bes for grand mal seizures. I can produce such side effects as deep sleep, irritability, slurred speech, imbalance, hyperactivity has also been seen as a possible side effect (John Hopkins, 001)/There are also certain stigmas connected to the disease Epilepsy. A stigma another word for a bad repuation with society. It has gotten so bad that it is not referred to patients as Epilepsy anymore but instead it is called Seizure Disorder. People with Epilepsy can run perfectly normal lives between seizures and should not be considered dangerous to work with or to be intimate with. With epilepsy from the one having the seizure was to spit back at the person There are many historical ways of having a seizure, some of those are drinking the blood of a warrior and eating some of this bone marrow. In the middle ages it was known as the falling sickness or the falling evil. In these times a disease was considered punishment for a sin. With all of these things going for an epileptic there are certain things today that people associate with this illness, some of those are cruel and some of them are ridiculous. Some of these discriminations are being banned from joining the armed forces, not being able to get insurance or a drivers license. There was a small study showing that most people today will accept epileptics compared to alcoholics, but is not as accepted as the blind. If an epileptic can find a job, the chances of them making the same amount of pay are highly unlikely. Most states require the epileptic to be seizure free, whether on medication or not, for at least a year before they can get a drivers license. the funny part about this fact is that most become epileptics because of a car acident. As far as marriages go there have been several states to make a law called eugenic marriage which forbids the epileptic to marry, these laws are no longer in effect. There have also been some laws such as eugentic sterilzation in Indiana that forbids epileptics to have children this law is no longer in effect. This law was made because it was once believed that epilepsy was inherited. There were a few laws that are also banished now, that epileptics that had seizures in public would get charged for doing so (Schnider & Conrad, 18)There are many things that can also happen within the family. Many epileptics say that their parents treated them like children even though they are grown adults. SOme even say that their parents want them to live with the permanently. As far as with an illness parents can be very good at being too careful. Most parents teach their children to hide their illness; in this way the parents are teaching their child that epilepsy is band and that it can destroy your life. Those parents who did teach child that epilepsy is bad and that it can destroy your life. Those parents who did teach their children that epilepsy was ok and that they can do anything regardless of their illness are the ones that said that their parents were very supportive in their effots ot make a better way in the doggy dog world. Some parents even taught their children that they were not as special because they had this horrible disease. Most epileptics say that they felt like they could never be close to their parents because they were not the perfect children that they wnated them to be (Schneider & Conrad, 18). Brothers and sisters can be the same way, especially if close in age.Doctors play a big roll with epileptics; they are dependant on them to give them the right medication so that their seizures are under control. Many epileptics say they are disappointed twith their doctors because they do not tell them what is really wrong. They describe this as dancing around the subject. They come in for the routine check-ups and the doctors probe them and send them on their way with a new prescription ro a refill on an old one (Schneider & Condrad, 18). It is very important for a child with epilepsy to be diagnosed right away or their epilepsy willb e much worse than one that was diagnosed withing the first seizure. These children show to have higher rates in tumors and other psychological problems. Benign childhood epilepsy affects about 6% of all children with epilepsy, this can cause the problem discussed above. Some of the symptoms of this are looking sickly and pale, they are normally quiet or testy, they may complain of being sick to their stomachs. SOme other symptoms may be having dialted pupils, flushing of the face, caughing, they may go to the bathroom a lot or very little, and they may have trouble brething. The one thing about this type of seizure is that they child may be in a seizure for about half an hour to 45 mintues. Anticonvusants will not help this epileptic, the most important thing is to have them know what is going on and to inform school teachers and friends of what is rong with the child so that they can take proper action at the time of the seizure occurrence. The parents, teachers, guardians, doctors, and the patiends themsevles must not take an over amount of drugs or it will bring on one of these seizures (Ferrie & Grunewald, 001).There are many studies done on epilepsy each and everyday. Those who do these studies are called Neorologists and the study is called Epidemiology (Svoboda, 17). Some of these studies are done on children. One of these studies is one that I found very interesting such as Treatments of Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Epilepsy. This study was showing that not all pediatricians give medicine to children who have seizures right away, although some do, most of them wait a year or more before this happens. This stude was done in Connecticut and it showed tha nearly 0% of children are not given a diagnoses at the time of the first seizure. Nearly 10% of those are not treated after a year of their first siezure. These pediatrition want to find out what is wrong with the child and see if they can fix it without a lot of medicine and doctor visits for the rest of their lives. The ones that are given medications when first diagnosed are given the drug Carbamazepine and Valproate (Berg, Levy, Testa & Shinner, 1).Remember that epilepsy may not be avoided and once in a person has it you have to remmeber that they may never be cured. It is not a scary disease and will not cause a person to be insane. Epilepsy is a normal funtion of life for those who have it and is normally treated with medication. It is not something to be scared of when someonehas a grand mal seizure in front of you, just make sure that you keep them as comfortable as possible and then do as they want you to do, for they know what is wrong with them. Remember that just because someone may have a blank spell or stare off into space, remember that we all do this on occasion and only if ther person is diagnosed showuld we give the person advice if they tell you that they do not need an ambulance. If they do request one be sure to apply the proper help needed. Only those who have epilepsy can truly tell us what it is like to have all of these things happening to them, although most of them say they do not remember having a seizure, they do remember what iis like when they wake up groggy from one. Berg, Anne T.; Levy, Susan R.; Teston, Francine M.; Shinner, Shlomo. (1) Treatment of newly diagnosed pediatric epilepsy. Proceedings of the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 15, 167.Caplan, Rochelle; Arbell, Shoshana; Guthrie, Donald; Komo, Scott; Shields, Donald; Hanson, Rebecca; Chayasirisobhon, Siricha. (1), proceedings of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 18-15.Farrie, Colin D., Grunewalk, Richard A. (001). Panayiotopoulos syndrome A common and benign childhood epilepsy. Proceedings of the Lancet, 57, 81-84.Lechtenberg, Richard, M.D. (184). Epilepsy and the family. Massachusetts and England Harvard Univerity Press.Schneider, Joseph W., Conrad, Peter. (18), Philedelpia Temple Univeristy Press.Svoboda, William B. (17). Learning about epilepsy. Baltimore University Press.Epilepsy Center. John Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved from http//www.neuro.jhmi.edu/epilepsy/meds.html. Please note that this sample paper on Epilepsy is for your review only. 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