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When one thinks of Susan B. Anthony, the first thing that comes to one's mind is coins. But there is more to that hallowed name than just a coin, Susan B. Anthony was a mighty figure in the cause for women's suffrage. Her work is worth far more than a dollar, Susan B. Anthony's perseverance resulted in the betterment of society. Susan B. Anthony worked for true equality, one of the defining principals of American culture. Although Susan B. Anthony is most remembered for her accomplishments in the women's suffrage movement, her work was important in the progressive temperance movements. Susan B. Anthony was born to Daniel Anthony and Lucy Read Anthony on February 15, 1820 in Adams Massachusetts. She was brought up in a Quaker family with long activist traditions. Quakers, also known as the Society of Friends, lived simply and advocated equality, encouraging education for both males and females. 1 Due to her upbringing in a family deep rooted in Quaker values, Susan B. Anthony was blessed with opportunities most young women of her time did not have. She was educated in the schoolhouse her grandfather built, and her father wanted his children to have a strong education, this was extremely unusual in the early 1800s. Her father, Daniel Anthony believed in treating his children as equals, and encouraged them to voice their opinions. 2 In 1826, the Anthonys moved from Massachusetts to Battensville, New York, where Susan attended a district school. When the teacher refused to teach Susan long division, Susan was taken out of school and taught in a "home school" set up by her father. In Susan B. Anthony's childhood she detected injustices suffered by women, early in her life she developed a sense of justice and moral zeal. 3Years later, Susan B. Anthony's first involvement in the world of reform was in the temperance movement. 4 This was one of the first expressions of original feminism in the United States and it dealt with the abuses of women and children who suffered from alcoholic husbands. Anthony completed her schooling at the age of seventeen and began teaching school in New York state. 5 She was soon fired from this job after protesting her wage was one-fifth that of which her male colleagues earned. She went on to secure a better position as principal of the Girls' Department of the Canajoharie Academy a prominent school in upstate New York. This was her most influential job yet, and springboarded her into the temperance movement 6 In 1849, after having taught for more than ten years, Anthony began to focus her energies on social improvements and joined the local temperance society, only to be faced with inequality once again. While away from home, working at Canajoharie Academy, for the first time in her life, Susan B. Anthony was not living in a Quaker home. Her exposure to non-Quaker ways did not stifle the desire for equality instilled in her as a child, and she joined the Daughters of temperance in Canajoharie. 7 Distraught over the death of her cousin, however, Susan returned home to be with her family who now lived in Rochester. In Rochester, the Anthony farm had become a hotbed for activism, Susan was quickly attracted to the political discussion, and became an energetic leader for the Daughters of Temperance in Rochester. 8 Susan B. Anthony's leadership in the Daughters of Temperance Rochester chapter got her much deserved attention, she was always occupied with running fundraisers and organizing events for this popular cause. She was so successful, she soon became the Society's Traveling representative. During this time Susan met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, became fast friends and joined Stanton and Amelia Bloomer in progressive campaigns. 9
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At this point, temperance workers thought that radical change would become impossible because of a new law that had recently been passed in Maine. The law was directed against the traffic of alcohol, and it closed many of the loopholes in preexisting temperance laws. 10 The Maine law was different because its jurisdiction was statewide, where as most other temperance regulations of the time were local. 11 The law called for search and seizure warrants allowing for arrest if alcohol were found on a premise, and also stiffened penalties for violators. Reformers in New York tried to emulate the action taken in Maine to establish this law. Campaigning for the Maine law was Anthony's first experience in demanding legal change. Anthony and her cohorts gathered twenty-eight thousand signature on a petition demanding that New York pass the equivalent of the Maine law. She also organized a hearing before the New York legislature, the first time a delegation of women in America had ever carried their own demands before a legislative body. 12In 1849, Susan gave her first public speech for the Daughters of Temperance and then helped found the Woman's State Temperance Society of New York, one of the first organizations of its time. Susan was very outspoken on the issue of temperance, as she saw first hand how alcoholic husbands abused their wives. She criticized the temperance reformers. "They have done much, very much toward lessening the evil effects of the abomination, but they have for the most part failed to strike a death blow at the root of evil." 13 As an outstanding member of the Daughter's of Temperance in New York, she earned the respect of men in the movement. In 1852 Susan was invited to a Son's of Temperance convention in Albany. At the convention, Susan proceeded to express her own opinions, but the men asked her to remain silent, stating; "the sisters were not invited here to speak, but to listen and learn. 14 Had the sisters worked all year long only to sit quietly? Susan B. Anthony stormed out of the meeting hall, dissatisfied and disgusted with a new perspective. After the incident at the Son's of Temperance convention in Albany, Susan knew that women needed to be treated with equality in order to accomplish anything. Susan B. Anthony was convinced by her work for temperance that women needed the vote if they were to influence public affairs. 15 Although her campaigning for temperance was successful, Susan realized more had to be done to assure women a proper and just position in society. With experienced gained in her work in the temperance movement, Susan was a natural leader in the woman's rights and suffrage movements. 16Anthony worked energetically on women's rights causes, she advocated dress reform for women. She cut her hair and wore the bloomer costume for a year before ridicule convinced her it detracted from the causes she supported. 17 In 1853, Anthony began to campaign for women's property rights in New York state, speaking at meetings, collecting signatures for petitions, and lobbying the state legislature. 18 In 1860, largely as the result of her efforts, the New York State Married Women's Property Bill became law, allowing married women to own property, keep their own wages, and have custody of their children. 19 During this time Anthony became more involved with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, another women who shared Susan's radical views on women's rights. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton also campaigned for more liberal divorce laws in New York. 20 Also regarding Women's rights, in 1869 Anthony persuaded the Workingwomen's Association in New York to investigate the case of Hester Vaughn, a poor working woman accused of murdering her illegitimate child. Vaughn was pardoned, and Anthony used the case to point out the different moral standards expected of men and women and the need for women jurors to ensure a fair trial. 21In 1866 Anthony and Stanton founded the American Equal Rights Association and in 1868 they started publishing the newspaper The Revolution in Rochester, with the masthead "Men their rights, and nothing more; women, their rights, and nothing less," and the aim of establishing "justice for all". 22In 1869 the suffrage movement split. Anthony was regarded as one of the more radical members of the suffrage movement, she and her associates called for a Constitutional amendment, whereas most of the women were more conservative. Anthony pleaded for national action in an address to an audience at the American convention in Cleveland, stating: "Our fathers undertook to elevate all men in the shape of manhood to an equality; and women must not cease to demand a Sixteenth amendment of the Constitution, giving suffrage to all conditions of men and women. I ask of this convention, at this early stage, not only to demand the favorable action of state legislatures, but of Congress. I care not if this association shall crush out the organization of which I am a member" 23 Most women thought women's suffrage would gain more ground if they campaigned for a program where the states would grant a woman's right to vote on a individual basis. Anthony and Stanton's National Association continuing to campaign for a constitutional amendment, and the American Woman Suffrage Association adopting a strategy of getting the vote for women on a state-by-state basis. Wyoming became the first territory to give women the vote in 1869. Aside from the differing strategies of the American and National associations, there were other fundamental political difference that set them apart from each other. Anthony's National Association was open to all, anyone who paid a dollar to join and then attended meetings held a voice and a vote. The American association was organized on a delegate basis, members had to be elected from local suffrage organizations. With a minimal organization structure, the National could be regarded as a more grass roots movement. In strategy, organizational style and goals, Anthony's reformers charted a different path from the conservative women 23In the 1870s Anthony campaigned vigorously for women's suffrage on speaking tours in the West. Anthony, three of her sisters, and other women were arrested in Rochester in 1872 for voting. Anthony refused to pay her streetcar fare to the police station because she was "traveling under protest at the government's expense". 24 She was arraigned with other women and election inspectors in Rochester Common Council chambers. She refused to pay bail and applied for habeas corpus, but her lawyer paid the bail, keeping the case from the Supreme Court. She was indicted in Albany, and the Rochester District Attorney asked for a change of venue because a jury might be prejudiced in her favor. At her trial in Canandaigua in 1873 the judge instructed the jury to find her guilty without discussion. He fined her $100 and made her pay courtroom fees, but did not imprison her when she refused to pay, therefore denying her the chance to appeal. 25In 1877, Anthony gathered petitions from 26 states with 10,000 signatures, but Congress laughed at them. She appeared before every congress from 1869 to 1906 to ask for passage of a suffrage amendment. Between 1881 and 1885 Anthony, Stanton and Matilda Joslin Gage collaborated on and published the History of Woman Suffrage. The last volume, edited by Anthony and Ida Husted Harper, was published in 1902. 26In 1887 the two women's suffrage organizations merged as the National American Woman Suffrage Association with Stanton as president and Anthony as vice-president. Anthony became president in 1892 when Stanton retired. Anthony campaigned in the West in the 1890s to make sure that territories where women had the vote were not blocked from admission to the Union. She attended the International Council of Women at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago 27In 1900, at age 80, Anthony retired as President of NAWSA. In 1904 Anthony presided over the International Council of Women in Berlin and became honorary president of Carrie Chapman Catt's International Woman Suffrage Alliance. 28Susan B. Anthony died in 1906 at her home on Madison Street in Rochester. All American adult women finally got the vote with the Nineteenth Amendment, also known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, in 1920. 29 End Notes1. Kathleen Berry, Susan B. Anthony : A Biography of a Singular Feminist (New York: New York University Press, 1988), 18-21.2. Carrie Chapman Catt, Woman Suffrage and Politics; the Inner Story of The Suffrage Movement (Washington: University of Washington,1926), 5-9.(Meyers 20-31).3. Sara Hunter Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy (New Haven, CT : Yale University, 1996), 40.4.Kristina Dumbeck, Leaders of Women's Suffrage (San Diego: Lucent Books, 2001), 55.5. G. Thomas Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds : The Northwest Suffrage Campaigns of Susan B. Anthony (Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1990), 55-57.6. Berry, 25-30.7. Catt, 58-59. 8. Berry, 31-33.9. Madeleine Meyers, Forward into Light : the Struggle for Woman's Suffrage (Lowell, Mass: Discovery Enterprises, 1994), 44.10. Doris Stevens, Jailed for freedom : American Women Win the Vote (Troutdale: NewSage Press: 1971), 77.11. Pamela Levin, Susan B. Anthony (New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1993), 23-2512. Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote : the Contested History of Democracy in the United States. (New York : Basic Books, 2000), 10413. Barry, 69.14. Meyers, 33-34.15. Elna C. Green, Southern Strategies : Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 54.16. Barry, 77-79.17. Dumbeck, 101.18. Stevens, 33.19. Graham, 44-45.20. Barry, 122-124.21. Levin, 91.22. Barry, 212.23. Ibid., 212-213.24. Keyssar, 211.25. Levin, 95-96.26. Barry, 277.27. Levine, 97.28. Berry, 105.29. Levine, 108.Works CitedBarry, Kathleen Susan B. Anthony : a Biography of a Singular Feminist New York : New York University Press, 1988.Catt, Carrie Chapman. Woman Suffrage and Politics; the Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement Washington: University of Washington,1926.Dumbeck, Kristina. Leaders of Women's Suffrage. San Diego: Lucent Books, 2001Edwards, G. Thomas. Sowing Good Seeds : The Northwest Suffrage Campaigns of Susan B. Anthony . Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1990.Graham, Sara Hunter. Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy. New Haven, CT : Yale University, 1996.Green, Elna C. Southern Strategies : Southern women and the woman suffrage question Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997.Keyssar, Alexander. The Right to Vote : the Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York : Basic Books, 2000.Levin, Pamela. Susan B. Anthony New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1993.Meyers, Madeleine. Forward into Light : the Struggle for Woman's Suffrage. Lowell, Mass: Discovery Enterprises, 1994.Pankhurst, Estelle Sylvia. The Suffragette; History of Women's Militant Suffrage Movement, 1905-1910. Convent Garden: Source Book, 1911.Stevens, Doris. Jailed for freedom : American Women Win the Vote. Troutdale: NewSage Press: 1971 Please note that this sample paper on Susan B. Anthony: the Woman Behind the Coin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. 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