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HydronephrosisIntroductionThis is a condition in which the urine collecting system of the kidney becomes stretched and distended because of an obstruction to the free outflow of urine from the kidney down the urine tube (ureter) to the bladder. As a result, secondary changes can occur in the kidney. The obstruction maybe at any level, but is most common at the point at which the wide collecting system (the pelvis) of the kidney joins the narrow ureter.Symptoms
·There is pain in the back (loin), sometimes made worse by drinking.·Secondary infection is common, causing fever, painful urination and often blood in the urine. ·Occasionally the condition is silent until late symptoms arise.Causes·Obstruction at the outlet of the bladder will cause hydronephrosis of both kidneys, because in this case the back pressure is applied equally to both. ·Obstruction may be from a urinary stone, a tumour, a blood clot, inflammatory narrowing or external pressure from any cause, including an abnormally placed artery to the kidney. ·One of the most common causes is enlargement of the prostate gland. ·Hydronephrosis can even be caused by a very tight foreskin (phimosis). ·Obstruction in one ureter, as from a stone, will affect only the kidney on that side.Diagnosis·An X-ray (intravenous urography) taken after a special radiation-opaque dye is injected into the blood, or back up the ureter, will show the distension of the kidney pelvis. ·CT can also be used and these tests are the standard test for diagnosing hydronephrosis.TreatmentTreatment involves the identification and removal of the cause of the obstruction. However, as an emergency measure, temporary drainage of the affected kidney through a fine tube (catheter) may save it. If one kidney only is affected and is severely damaged, it will usually be removed to prevent other serious complications.Treatment list for Hydronephrosis·Kidney shunt ·Surgery·Kidney surgery ·Kidney removal - satisfactory if only one kidney is affected. ·Treatment of any underlying cause of hydronephrosis. Such as Congenital defect of the urinary tract, urinary stones, kidney tumour, urinary tumour, and urinary scarring. ComplicationsHydronephrosis is damaging to the kidney and may lead to kidney failure, even to the extent that no urine is produced (anuria). Please note that this sample paper on hydronephrosis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on hydronephrosis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on hydronephrosis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.
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